Ancient Traditional Medicine

Table of Contents

Page

Foreword — k Introduction — kh

The principles of massage: see figures 1 through 29, which show the method of massage in great detail, together with explanations of how to take hold of the various lines/tendons, and which can also be put into practice by oneself — 1 to 59 The origin of the tendons, in the view of the physician of children (โกมารแพทย์) — 60 Stating the various names by which the lines are called, and stating the medicinal recipes for curing them — 60 The characteristics of wind (ลม) — 62 Stating the names of the tendons — 67 Making known the names of the winds — 69 Describing the massage scheme — 70 Curing along the back, curing all winds — 71 Applying leeches — 71 Medicine for the leech's mouth — 72

(ch)

Page

Illustrations of the hermit's self-stretching exercises (ฤๅษีดัดตน) — 73-91 Section on pharmacy — 93 Explaining the characteristics and symptoms of various diseases — 95 Symptoms of various fevers — 96 Minor common cold, major influenza — 97 Minor nosebleed-fever — 97 Major nosebleed-fever — 99 Fever with delirium and lethargy — 99 Mucous-membrane fever — 100

The six characteristics of kāla [dark plague-marks] — 102 1. Kāla of poisonous spirits — 102 2. Kāla-kūp — 102 3. Kāla-mūt (urine-type) — 102 4. Kāla-singkhli — 103 5. Kāla-phiphit — 103 6. Kāla-phithak — 103

Symptoms of headache from exposure to sun and wind — 104

(s)

Page

Symptoms of kasai [wasting/consumptive] disease — 104 Symptoms of stomach dysfunction — 105 Tuberculosis — 106 Kāla-plague — 106 Beriberi — 107 Tetanus — 108 Paralysis (palsy) — 109 Liver dysfunction — 109 Abscess forming in the lung — 110 Inflammation of the membrane enclosing the heart (pericardium) — 111 Wind rising upward — 111 Dysentery — 112 Abdominal bloating occurring under otherwise normal conditions — 113 Excess of the bodily elements — 113 Deficiency of the bodily elements — 114 Stomach ache — 114 Constipation — 115

(ch [4th])

Page

Chickenpox/measles-type skin eruption (อีดำอีเดง) — 115 Vomiting — 116 Women with pregnancy outside the womb (ectopic pregnancy) — 117 Malfunction of the womb — 117 Sang-convulsions [infantile fever-convulsion illness] — 118 Talakhamoi [an infantile wasting illness] — 118 Gum disease/pyorrhea — 120 Lak-ka-pit lak-ka-poet [a childhood convulsive illness] — 121 Asthma — 121 Ringworm — 122 Khi-thut [a skin eruption disease] — 123 Measles — 124 Leucorrhoea (มุตกิด) — 125 Abscess arising from leucorrhoea — 125 Scabies — 126 Venereal disease of men — 127 ditto of women — 128 How to conduct the body during pregnancy — 130

(y)

Page

Medicine for children — 135 "Chakra-Narai, divided into sections" [remedy name] — 135 "Presumed-prince" (สมมัทกุมาร) medicine — 135 Moonlight medicine — 136 Hing-khu-wat-cha medicine — 137 Sweeping medicine to cure sang-convulsions — 137 Medicine to cure intestinal parasites — 138 Boiled medicine to cure tan-sang fever — 138 Boiled medicine to cure talakhamoi — 139 Element-medicine for children's stomachs — 139 Medicine to cure various fevers — 140 "Elaborate green" medicine — 140 "Great-virtue green" medicine — 141 "Great-kāla green" medicine — 142 "Phra Indra's green" medicine — 143 "Seven-aggregate green" medicine — 143 "Hongsa (swan) green" medicine — 144 "Transforming green" medicine — 145

(d)

Page

"Green, all-virtue" medicine — 146 "Green, five-aggregate" medicine — 146 "Green, nine-aggregate" medicine — 147 "Great green" medicine — 148 "Yellow, cover-all" medicine — 149 Fragrant medicine to cure fever-poison — 149 "Great yellow" medicine — 150 "Yellow" medicine to cure all fevers — 151 "Gold-bar yellow" medicine — 152 "Middle yellow" medicine — 153 "Lesser yellow" medicine — 154 Various medicines to nourish the blood — 154 Various fragrant medicines to cure the blood — 154 Medicine to nourish the blood — 155 Medicine to cure blood poisoning "in the fire-house" [postpartum confinement] — 155 Medicine to cure women's blood discharge — 156 Medicine to cure blood surging upward — 156 Medicine to cure dried, congealed blood — 156

(t)

Page

Boiled medicine to purge all manner of foul, putrid blood — 157 Medicine to cure kasai and hardened abdominal masses arising from blood poisoning — 157 Purgative medicine for various foul, putrid blood — 158 Medicine to cure blood that does not circulate properly — 159 Abdominal poultice medicine to expel blood — 159 Boiled medicine to cure putrid blood lodged in the anus — 159 Boiled medicine to invigorate the blood — 160 Miscellaneous medicines — 160 Medicine to cure iron-type kasai — 160 Medicine to cure wind-kasai and glandular swelling — 161 Medicine to nourish the elements and improve appetite — 161 Medicine to nourish the elements and improve appetite — 162 Boiled medicine to cure delirious, raving fever — 162 Boiled medicine to drive out fever-poison — 162 Boiled medicine to cure beriberi — 163 Medicine to cure madness — 163 Medicine to cure creeping hemorrhoids — 164 Medicine to cure five kinds of abdominal mass (มาร) — 164 Medicine to cure swelling — 165

(th [base])

Page

Boiled medicine to cure leprosy — 165 Medicine to cure paresis and paralysis — 166 "Wind-element" (อินทรีย์วาโย) medicine — 166 Medicine to cure intestinal hemorrhoids — 167 Medicine to cure hemorrhoids that have burst and bled — 167 Medicine to cure 500 kinds of hemorrhoids — 167 Smoking medicine to cure asthma — 168 Medicine to cure asthma — 168 Medicine to cure painful, obstructed, yellow urination — 169 Appetite-improving medicine — 169 Medicine to cure wasting fever — 169 Medicine to cure fever with rising hiccups — 170 Medicine to cure hiccups and vomiting — 170 Medicine applied to mouth ulcers — 170 Medicine to cure headache — 170 Ringworm medicine — 171 Premier medicine to cure kasai — 172 Medicine to cure kasai and asthma — 172

(th [aspirated])

Page

Cancer — 172 Statistics of people who die from cancer — 174 Symptoms that appear — 174 Treatment of cancer — 175 Surgical removal of cancer — 175 Results of treatment that can be cured — 176

[horizontal rule marking the end of the table of contents]

2 Textbook on the Science of the Masseur

Figure 1

[diagram: a front-facing human figure standing with knees bent in a wide stance, sixteen numbered points (1–16) marked on the head, neck, chest, arms, and legs, each connected by a straight or dotted line to its corresponding loop-style numeral placed in the margin around the figure]

13 — cure the lines/tendons of the foot, 13

Wind of the paralyzed tongue (ลมชิวหาสดมภ์)

14

15 — cure sleeplessness (restore sleep)

Captain Khun Yotha Phithak 3

1 Cures the pakang wind that causes severe headache 2 Cures the wind of the paralyzed tongue 3 Cures the phutthayak wind; take hold [of the point] until the eyes are set fixed as if lifeless 4 If that wind seizes one so that one cannot sleep, cure the lines running from the point at the ankle up along the ridge of the shinbone on both sides, and one will sleep 5 Cures taliang fever; cures the salak-phet (diamond-bolt) points on both sides, cures the ba-khat points on both sides 6 Cures the collarbone point, causing one to yawn 7 Cures stomach ache and a blocked chest, extending all the way along the spine 8 Cures aching of the upper elbow, shoulder, and knee; cures [the points] along that spine 9 Cures san-ni-bat [a combined-wind affliction] of the phutthayak wind 10 Cures wind surging upward, and some pain 11 Cures stomach pain and the salak-ek point, sometimes hardened kasai masses; cure [the point] next to the rim of the navel together 12 Cures convulsions that twist the mouth, and also san-ni-bat, causing blistering

9 Textbook on the Science of Massage Doctors Figure 2 Numerals marking the massage points around the body: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

[diagram of a standing nude male figure with arms and legs spread, showing massage points numbered 1-17 connected by dotted lines running from numerals around the margin to small circles on the body; star-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest; one circle at the throat is left without a numeral]

Ro.O. Khun Yotha Phithak

1. This formula sets out the central/zero channels arrayed as follows. 2. The wind called thipphayachaksu ("divine eye") makes the eyes blur. 3. This one, salak-phet ("diamond-piercing"), is very hard to cure. 4. This kind of wind grips from the breast up to the heart. 5. This kind of wind is called wasut; within two months [the patient] dies. 6. This kind of wind is called thaksin-khun. 7. The one called rattana-khun grips above the navel. 8. The one called bamathat grips and locks [the body] rigid. 9. The one called amphat (paralysis) grips and darkens the sight. 10. Rathayak grips causing the whole body to shake. 11. Thipphayachaksu rising to the head grips and darkens the sight. 12. Plieokham grips throughout the heart; once it rises it makes the whole body convulse and bend; if treatment is too slow, death follows and massage can no longer help at all. 13. When the channels array themselves in this pattern, entering the crisis state (sannibat) lasting up to 7 days, [the patient] will reach the time of death. 14. The wind chiwa-sadom grips the root of the tongue so speech is lost — a salak-phet point; if it does not grip all the way through, the shoulder can still be treated; if it grips all the way to the heart, it cannot be cured. 15. This wind is called dasa-khun; it usually grips the left eye socket so that no medicine cures it; within one month it leads to death. 16. The one called wasa-khun — do not let [the patient] warm by the fire; draw the blood out; do not stop the bleeding. 17. The wind that coils outside the navel is called udom-phayuha; the wind below the navel is called bi-khun; once it rises, treatment loosens it; if left too long it turns into the plieokham wind rising through the body — such is its essence.

6 Textbook on the Science of Massage Doctors Figure 3 Numerals marking the massage points: 1 2 3 4 7 6 8 9 10 11 12

[diagram of a standing nude male figure with arms and legs spread, showing massage points numbered from 1 up to about 12, connected by dotted lines running from numerals around the margin to small circles on the body; star-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest]

Ro.O. Khun Yotha Phithak

1. This channel treats [stops] vomiting of every kind. 2. Treats the channel under the armpit; treats wind-gripping that tends to cause nausea and retching. 3. Treats phlegm that rises and blocks [the throat]. 4. This channel treats wind-gripping that would otherwise lead to death. 5. Treats mahasanuk, one technique/position. 6. Treats mahasanuk, one technique/position. 7. This channel treats wind by inducing vomiting. 8. This channel treats [pain from] the buttock through to the spine. 9. This channel treats wind-gripping that deadens/numbs the neck. 10. This channel treats a deadened (dysfunctional) penis. 11. Treats all kinds of wind-gripping. 12. Restores sleep, the same on both the left and right sides.

8 Textbook on the Science of Massage Doctors Figure 4 Numerals marking the massage points: 1 2 3 9 5 6 7 8

[diagram of a standing nude male figure with arms and legs spread, showing massage points numbered from 1 up to about 9, connected by dotted lines running from numerals around the margin to small circles on the body; star-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest]

Ro.O. Khun Yotha Phithak

1. Treats wind that causes the belly to swell and distend. 2. Treats kasai (wasting-mass disease) and kasai-dan (its hardened form). 3. Treats the wind bamathat. 4. Treats phlegm, bringing it down/expelling it. 5. Induces vomiting as treatment. 6. Treats a wind-caused stitch in the side. 7. Teaches recognition of the fatal (mortal) points on the body. 8. Treats wind-gripping that makes the hip/buttock tremble.

10 Textbook on the Science of Massage Doctors Figure 5 Clearly legible numerals marking the massage points, placed directly beside each point on the body with no connecting line: 3 7 9 10 11 13 15 16 17 19 20

[diagram of a standing nude male figure with arms and legs spread, showing massage points labelled with numerals placed directly at each point on the body, running from the neck down to the feet; star-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest]

Ro.O. Khun Yotha Phithak

1. The line pakang lies at the forehead. 2. The line for headache lies at both temples (the notch by the ears). 3. The line chiwa-sadom lies at the base of the neck. 4. The line below the shoulder treats a dead/numb arm. 5. The line below the elbow is called phlai-wat. 6. The line next to the shoulder is called rathayak. 7. The line bamathat-noi (lesser bamathat). 8. The line bamathat-yai (greater bamathat). 9. The line kumphakan. 10. The line called dan-khun. 11. Called the wind ngai-tamin [reading uncertain]. 12. Called benchasan; it typically causes loss of function in the feet and hands. 13. Called ai-ta-ngok. 14. Called yao-man, rising from the shoulder up to the neck. 15. Called chongkha-phaha. 16. Called bamathat-rathayak. 17. Called phlai-wat, rising up through the heel. 18. The saen line treats both sides of the sole of the foot. 19. Called rattana-khun. Having stated all this, one should know the account of all these channels; the physician should determine the [treatment] postures for them all.

12 Textbook on the Science of Massage Doctors Figure 6

[diagram of a standing nude male figure with arms and legs spread, showing massage points as small unlabelled circles scattered over the neck, arms, torso, legs, and feet, with no numerals marking any of the points; star-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest, and a crescent-moon mark sits at the navel]

Ro.O. Khun Yotha Phithak

1. Treats wind that prevents the thigh from moving. 2. Treats wind that prevents lying down. 3. Treats wind that prevents falling asleep. 4. Treats wind-convulsion that twists the mouth toward the throat. 5. And treats wind causing blockage/stuffiness rising in the chest on both sides, loosening it. 6. Treats wind causing pain in the belly and back — seat [the patient] cross-legged, alternating face down and face up, to loosen and cure it. 7. Treats wind arising in the intestines and both shoulder blades. 8. Treats wind arising in the chest; treats soreness of the throat. 9. The wind bamathat — treat both feet. 10. Cold wind — treat both soles of the feet. 11. Wind causing stitches in the chest and sides of the ribs — treat the base of the neck and both sides of the neck, treat the groin and waist, and the belly next to the ribs; then it is cured. 12. Wind that deadens the feet or hands — one should treat the waist and the leg-channels on both sides. 13. Wind that causes one limb to remain dead, or loss of speech — this is paralysis-wind; treat the tongue and the jaw. 14. Constipation-wind (phanadueak) — treat the thigh near the groin crease. 15. Wind obstructing the chest and heart — treat the base of the neck and both shoulders; seat [the patient] cross-legged, then treat. 16. Wind that darkens the sight — treat the spine and the eye sockets. 17. Wind causing rising aches — treat the channel under both armpits, treat the channels beside the navel on both sides. 18. Wind that deadens the feet and hands — treat the centers of both feet, the centers of both hands, and the upper arms and elbows on both sides. 19. Wind causing pain — treat [text illegible, covered by an official seal stamped on the page]. 20. Constipation-wind — treat the shoulders and both sides of the groin crease [text illegible, covered by the seal] ... tamarind pulp; add a little salt; then the constipation is relieved.

19 Textbook on the Science of Massage Doctors Figure 7 Clearly legible numerals marking the massage points: 1 2 3 4 6 7, with further numerals continuing down to the legs and feet that are not clearly legible [illegible]

[diagram of a standing nude male figure with arms and legs spread, showing massage points numbered in continuation from the previous figure, connected by dotted lines running from numerals around the margin to small circles on the body, from the head down to the feet; star-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest]

1. One kind of wind called maha-atsadom grips the heart. 2. One kind of wind called maha-sadom seizes and drags at the top of the liver; it pulls at the eye sockets and drags on the navel tendon. 3. One wind called mun-lampha arises from eating fruit; it begins in the hand, then moves to the shoulder, then the back, the chest, and between the eyebrows; treat the hairline and press flowers on both [temples]; treat the navel to loosen it. 4. The wind klon causes swelling and bloating; treat the belly, then treat the buttock rising up to both shoulders, then take the vegetable [phak]; pound it into a medicine to take for that illness; also take the medicine thoranee-wai. 5. The wind called amphat-thuk arises in the penis; that is, one should, so to speak, prepare medicine to take for it. 6. The wind sakhriu causes trembling through the whole body and seizes both sides of the jaw; this kind of wind is called akkhirot; it grips from the navel rising up to seize the heart; give medicine to rouse the blood first, then it will loosen. 7. One kind of wind causes stabbing pain in the front and back, on account of phlegm and blood; prepare medicine to treat the phlegm and blood, then massage to treat it. 8. The wind called bat-khun makes the legs ache up to the navel; give this medicine and it will loosen. 9. The wind called bat-phloeng causes heat from the foot up to the shin; treat from the heel upward; prepare medicine to take for loosening it. 0. The wind called kasai-rat; prepare medicine to take to treat it, then massage.

16 Textbook on the Art of the Masseur

Figure 8

[diagram: front-facing nude male figure, arms and legs spread wide; dotted lines run from the collarbones down to small circled points on the chest, upper arms, and forearms; further dotted lines cross the abdomen in an X-pattern meeting at a central point above the groin, with points at the groin and inner thighs; dotted lines continue down each leg to a circled point at each ankle]

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 17

◎ Furthermore, the tendon-channel called 'Ghannari' lies within the navel, and then it branches outside the navel into 4 strands. Two of those strands run up along the spine and then to both arms, running on to the tips of the fingers of both hands — ten fingers in all.

◎ And the other two strands run down along both legs, running down to the tips of the toes of both feet, all 10 toes. This one is called the channel 'Kalathawari.' One should know it as stated here.

18 Textbook on the Art of the Masseur

Figure 9

[diagram: rear view of a nude male figure, arms and legs spread; on the left margin, points 1, 2, 3, 4 are joined by dotted lines to points on the back of the head, neck, and shoulder; on the right margin, several numbered points are joined by solid arrow-lines running diagonally to the neck and shoulder; a ladder-like row of rungs is drawn down the spine from neck to lower back, with small circles at both ends of each rung; below the figure, the caption reads:]

"The Back" [แผ่นหลัง]

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 19

1. Cures dim/dark vision, cures cataract: place 5 leeches. 2. Cures deafness, and it will heal. 3. Cures dim eyesight, cures pain in the eye socket. 4. Cures wind-affliction with a twisted/crooked mouth. 5. Cures a dead/numb shoulder. 6. Cures twisting spasm, the same on both sides. 7. Also good for phlegm and blood that surges upward. 8. Cures stabbing wind-pain; cures one kind of fatal condition.

20 Textbook on the Art of the Masseur

Figure 10

[diagram: front-facing nude male figure, arms and legs spread, entire body — torso, arms, and legs — covered in a pattern of concentric spiral coils bordered by curved parallel lines; a small circle marks the center of the groin, with two lines running from it down to a small circle at the top of each leg; caption beside the legs reads:]

"This is the tendon that coils inward through this whole body of ours."

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 21

◎ The channel called Pingala emerges from the navel, coils beneath the right thigh, then passes on and runs out to the spine, lying flat and clinging as it goes up along the right side of the spine, up through the head, then comes back down to reside permanently at the right nostril. The wind [breath] there is called "Sunthakala" [as printed].

◎ Naming the channels: Ida — one, Pingala — one, Sushumna — one; three channels named.

◎ The channel called Sushumna emerges from the navel, then runs inward into the chest, climbs up along the throat, and emerges as the tongue.

◎ The channel called Ida emerges from the navel, coils at the left thigh, then passes on to the spine, lying flat and clinging as it goes up along the left side of the spine, up through the head on the left side, then comes back down to reside permanently at the left nostril. The wind [breath] there is called "Chandakala."

22 Textbook on the Art of the Masseur

Figure 11

[diagram: rear view of a nude male figure, arms and legs spread; at the top of the head, numbered points 1 and 3 are dotted-lined out to the left margin, and points 10 and 11 to the right margin; down the spine, cross-hatched rungs run from neck to lower back with a row of circled points down the centre, flanked by a wider band of hatching at the lower back; further numbered points line the left margin (around 4–9) and the right margin (around 12–15), connected by dotted lines to points on the shoulders, forearms, hands, hips, knees, and lower legs; centred in the lower half of the figure, between the legs, the caption reads:]

"Cures the channels that bind the passages; makes every stiff joint release, all of them."

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 23

1. Cures dim eyes turning into cataract: place 5 leeches. 2. Cures tight/blocked ears and deafness. 3. Cures head pain, pain in the eye socket. 4. Cures a tendon that pulls at the chest. 4. [numbered again as 4 in the source] Cures fever with chills and a hot body. 5. Cures phlegm most excellently; it reaches down to the hip. 6. Cures wind that binds and twists, pinching without pain. 7. Cures [illegible]. 8. Cures wind-pain with trembling calves. 9. Cures fever with a hot body, cures fever with thirst; cures both the same way. 10. Cures clouded vision and dim, blurred eyes. 11. Cures dim, blurred vision requiring nasal medicine as well; count up 5 finger-widths from the outermost rib, [and treat] the channel between the two sides of the ribs — if the treatment strikes the channel correctly, the ache will ease. 12. Cures a binding tightness that tends to hurt the waist badly, as if the waist would come loose. 13. Cures a dead/numb hip. 14. Cures a dead/numb foot, pinching without pain. 15. Cures insomnia and a stiff, hardened antaphrom [abdominal mass].

24 Textbook on the Art of the Masseur

Figure 12

[diagram: front-facing nude male figure, arms and legs spread; numbered points 1 through 20 ring the head, face, neck, chest, arms, torso, and legs, each joined by a dotted line to a small circle, cross, or sunburst mark on the body — a sunburst mark appears over each nipple, and a cluster of small circles is drawn beside the left elbow with an arrow curling down toward the forearm; the abdomen bears a diamond arrangement of circles around the navel; below the figure, the caption reads:]

"The Back" [as printed] "The practice of applying leeches to suck out blood"

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 25

1. For aching, stabbing pain, place leeches on both sides of the jaw/chin: 10 on one side, 9 on the other. 2. Cures paralytic wind, Rathayak [a named wind ailment], cures asthma and cough: 10 leeches. 3. Cures hives/wind-rash: 9 leeches. 4. Cures the condition called "sae": 3 leeches. 5. Cures abdominal bloating/dropsy and binding-twisting pain: 9 leeches. 6. For wasting wind and a hardened abdominal mass, release: 9 leeches. 7. For cramping wind and a feverish, hot body: 9 leeches. 8. For hernia and antaphrom [abdominal mass]: 9 leeches. 9. For frequent severe knotting/looping pain: 9 leeches. 10. Cures pain at the crown of the head and "wearing flowers" [a named headache pattern]: 3 leeches. 11. For body pain and a fever slow to heal: 10 leeches. 12. Hemorrhoids: 11 leeches. 13. Rathayak wind with asthma and cough: 11 leeches. 14. Cramping and binding-twisting pain: 7 leeches. 15. Lam-lam-hok wind [a named wind ailment]: 8 leeches. 16. Dead/numb arm, each side: 7 leeches. 17. Antaphrom [abdominal mass]: 9 leeches. 18. Rathawat wind: 9 leeches. 19. Chills and fever throughout the body: 7 leeches. 20. Buang wind [a named wind ailment]: 9 leeches.

26 Textbook on the Art of the Masseur

Figure 13

[diagram: rear view of a nude male figure, arms and legs spread; at the top of the head, numbered points 1 and 3 are dotted-lined out to the left margin and points 1 and 3 to the right margin also, with an additional pair of points on either side of the jaw connecting to the right margin; down the spine, cross-hatched rungs run from neck to lower back with a row of circled points down the centre; oval leech-placement marks are drawn along both upper arms, both sides of the torso, both hips, and both lower legs; below the figure, the caption reads:]

"The Back" "The practice of applying leeches to suck out blood"

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 27

Cures dim eyes, cures cataract within the eye: place 5 leeches.

Cures deafness, cures dim and clouded vision: count up 5 finger-widths from the side of the bone, at the spine between there; cures a tendon that pulls at the chest and cures a dead/numb shoulder — count up 5 rib-widths from the ribcage, and treat the space between there; count up 2 finger-widths from the outermost side, and treat the space between there for twisting spasm; and if there is fever with chills, treat the sinew at the head of the tendon until it loosens. The wind called antaphrom is cured by loosening the sinews along both sides of the spine.

[repeated in the source:] The wind called antaphrom is cured by loosening the sinews along both sides of the spine.

1. Cures dim eyes, cures a misty cataract; treat with massage together with nasal medicine, and it will loosen.

2. Cures wind that causes dim vision and tight ears; it will loosen.

3. Cures pain in the eye socket, cures head pain: count up 4 finger-widths from the outermost side, treat the space between there and the head pain will loosen.

Furthermore: count up 2 finger-widths from the outermost side; treat the space between there for twisting spasm on both sides alike.

Furthermore: for head pain like a splinter jabbing, and insomnia — count up 3 finger-widths from the outermost side, treat the secondary channel 3 finger-widths up from the outermost side until it loosens; examine carefully and press firmly on both sides until it loosens.

28 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 14

[Line drawing of a standing figure facing forward, arms and legs spread. Small circular points mark the head, face, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs, each linked by a dotted line to a Thai numeral from 1 to 11 around the frame. At the center of the abdomen a sunburst-like pattern radiates from a central point.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak. 29

1. Cures fever that causes severe headache. 2. Cures nasal-polyp affliction and fontanelle trouble; cures dizziness and pain of the eyes, low-grade fatigue-fever, and fever that makes one crave water. 3. Called "sun thakla" or "san nibat"; it tends to bring on headache in the morning when the sun rises, and tends to cause pain in the eyes with the eye's fluid dripping out. 3. Called "susumana"; it then turns into the "chiwa sadom" (tongue-paralysing) wind, which runs to seize the tongue, just as before. 4. Called "ongkhwat." 5. The "phahi khwat" wind seizes like the poison of a striped snake's bite. 5. The wind called "phutthayak," also called "san nibat," the same as before. 6. Cures headache and pain of the eye sockets, causing the eyes to swim; at night while lying down it turns into a fever and causes stomach pain and back pain. 7. Called "chanthakala"; it seizes and twists the mouth, then seizes the eyes so they darken; also called "kamdao" (fever-heat); it tends to hurt in the evening when the sun sets. 8. Cures the wind that chokes the chest and hurts the back; cures the stabbing, piercing wind that deadens the hands and feet and chokes the chest, hurting the back. 9. Called "intha," also "lom phahi"; it seizes like the poison of a striped snake's bite. 10. Called "sahatsarangsi" (thousand rays). 11. Called "kanthari," also "san nibat bai" (mute palsy); it then turns into a biting wind. One must examine carefully in order to recognize the disease.

30 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 15

The Back Chart

[Line drawing of a seated figure viewed from behind, legs splayed, head bald. Small circular points mark the ears, nape, shoulders, mid-back, and legs, each linked by a dotted line to a Thai numeral around the frame.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak. 31

1. The channel that causes headache — loosen it by treating the ear-passages on both sides. 2. The channel that pulls and twists the mouth — treat the channel lying beneath the ear; if struck correctly it loosens. 3. That channel of the armpit-hollow ("kamdon") cures headache most effectively of all. 4. The channel that deadens the arm — treat the outer side. 5. Curing the "bo-thakhat" channel, this one channel, is most effective. 6. That paralysis-wind channel is most effective of all. 8. The "klon" (wasting/hernia) channel — treat only both ankles; most effective of all. 9. The "rohini" channel — if the channel is treated correctly as stated here, it will indeed loosen; if the spot is wrong, it will not respond. 10. To cure cramp of the knee, this one channel is most effective. 0. Let everyone match the numbers correctly according to this.

32 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 16

[Line drawing of a figure seated cross-legged with legs splayed, viewed from behind, the spine drawn as a chain of stacked vertebral segments down the center of the back. Circular points mark the nape, shoulders, flanks, lower back, and both soles, labeled with sequential Thai numerals.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak. 33

2. The "bo-thakhat" wind seizes both hips, seizes both shoulders, seizes both sides of the chest, and the nape-hollow. [unnumbered] The wind called "mangsa-apat" makes the belly swell greatly; give a purgative medicine, then follow with a maintenance medicine. There is also an affliction called "thupphonlaphat" that makes one thin and sallow with a swollen belly; give a purging medicine first, then a steeped medicine, accordingly. [unnumbered] The "klon" (wasting) wind causes stiffness and swelling, then causes itching; treat the near side first, then treat the hip; treat the pubic region, then treat both legs; treat the ankle-bone. [unnumbered] One kind of wind, called "botbatha," seizes from the ankle upward, making the chest very tight, so one cannot eat, keeping the chest congested; treat it, then give the medicine called "thip sophot." 1. This wind, one kind, is called "ratchayak"; when it seizes, it causes convulsions throughout the whole body, jerking back and forth, twitching the neck and mouth; treat the base of the chin and the eye sockets so that consciousness returns. 1. There is yet another kind of wind called "amphat" (paralysis); it seizes from the tailbone up to the jaw-line, seizes the heart and causes drowsy numbness; then it rises to both shoulder-ridges and up to seize the base of the tongue so that speech becomes unclear; and 5. one kind, called "chittrabatha," seizes from the tendons of the foot up to the knee, causing an aching stiffness as if pierced by a stick. 3. There is a wind called "sanan fa pha" ("thunderclap") that seizes the foot up to the hip; treat it starting from the tip of the foot upward. —3—

Figure 17.

[diagram: a standing human figure covered from head to foot in a dense mesh of small circles joined by crossing lines, marking a great many points across the face, neck, torso, arms, and legs; a decorative divider of small diamond shapes beneath the figure]

As for this single figure's diagram — one does not know where to look for the numbers.

Two Important Remedies Compiled by Mr. Iam Kasin

1. Medicine for Kasai (wasting-disease) Descending into the Scrotum

The symptom is that one side of the testicle keeps growing larger, with stabbing, dragging pain. Take a whole fresh "ee-niao" plant — stem, leaves and root together — and chop it to the size of a matchstick, then roast it until evenly browned. Wrap it and steep it in distilled liquor. Take three times a day, one teacup per dose, or more if desired.

2. Poultice for Boils

To draw out the pus of a boil that has already burst but still holds pus: take 1. "siam-lai," 2. salt, 3. cooked rice, 4. straw paper. Pound them together well, then apply as a poultice on the base of the boil. It is best to pound the siam-lai first, as it is very sticky.

36 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 18

[Line drawing of a standing figure facing forward, arms and legs spread, densely marked with circular points over the head, face, neck, chest, abdomen, hips, arms, and legs. Each point is linked by a dotted line to a sequential Thai numeral from 1 to 21 along both margins. Sun-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest, cross marks on the upper arms, and a triangulated web of lines overlays the abdomen and legs like a joint map.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak. 37

1 and 2. Called "yo-akkhi" — it pertains to the head, pertains to the "san nibat" channel. 3. The "maha sanuk" channel. 4. Cures the "chiwa sadom" (tongue-paralysis) channel. 5. Cures the "ratchayak" wind. 6. Fourfold measure, cures the wind that binds the flanks. 7. Cures hiccups. 8. Cures the cramping wind. 9. Cures the "bo-thakhat" wind. 10. Cures the paralysis wind. 11. Cures "watakhun." On the right side. 12. Cures every kind of wind whatsoever. The channel on the back of both wrists — treat it to cure cramp on both sides in the same way.

[unnumbered] As for the channel of the fontanelle and the nape, and the hairline, and both ear-passages, and the "tat-dokmai" points on both sides — these too, it is said, cure head diseases and all manner of ear diseases.

13. Called "thep lam thok hok" — do not neglect this channel. 14. Cures the eyebrow-hair channel on both diamond-corners, the "pakang" headache-wind. 15. Cures headache disease. 16. Cures deafness, an ear disease. 17. Also cures hiccups. 18. Cures a dead/numb shoulder. 19. Cures the "bo-thakhat" channel between the hollow of the neck; cures nasal-polyp affliction that causes coughing; the channel at the base of both elbows. Cures a dead/numb arm. 20. This overarching channel cures the piercing pain called "kukhong." 21. Cures aching soreness on both sides alike.

38 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 19

[Line drawing of a seated, hunched figure viewed from behind, the spine shown as a chain of stacked vertebrae down the back. A dense triangulated web of lines covers the head, back, and the arm and leg on the figure's left side. Outside the frame, the numeral 2 is linked by a dotted line to a point near the left shoulder blade, and a smaller mark near the left ankle bears an indistinct label.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak. 39

2. Cures the "bo-thakhat" and "ratchayak" channels; cures a dead/numb shoulder; if one is to treat the right side, [treat] the wind called "chiwa sadom"; the manner of treatment is the same on both sides. 5. If the left side [is afflicted], cure the "bo-thakhat ratchayak"; on the right side, cure the "chiwa sadom" wind — proceed accordingly. [unnumbered] The sinews of the right and left correspond alike; consider and examine carefully — this is very difficult to set down in writing. [unnumbered] As for the channel of the fontanelle, and the nape, and the hairline, and both ear-passages, and the "tat-dokmai" points on both sides — these too, it is said, cure head diseases and all manner of ear diseases.

50 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur Figure 20

[diagram: a nude kneeling figure shown facing forward, with dotted lines running from Thai numerals 1 through roughly 15 to marked points on the head, face, neck, chest, abdomen, arms, hands, knees, and feet]

R.O. (Captain) Khun Yotha Phithak 51

1. Cures headache that strikes strongly in the morning, and cures hemorrhoidal swelling that sprouts at the nose. 2. Cures tale-ang fever, and severe thirst, and cures dizziness of the eyes and eye pain. 3. This channel is called Sun Thakala, also Sannibat, also Pakang; it commonly causes morning headache and, when it seizes the eyes, makes the tears fall.

4. This channel is called Sumana; it turns into the wind of Chiwahasadom [tongue paralysis]; it tends to seize the base of the tongue so speech becomes impossible. The channel lies at the chin.

5. This channel is called Bingkhla; it tends to turn into phahi [paralytic] wind. When it first seizes, it is like the venom of the tap-samingkhla snake biting; it rises along the spine, on both left and right. 6. Both knee channels, called Thawari, turn into Sannibat wind and Phutthayak wind; when they seize it is as though a demon had entered and possessed the body, commonly producing various forms of madness and deranged behaviour. For this class of wind, both knee channels and the chin channel alike are marked with the numeral 1. 7. The channel that cures headache: at night it makes the back ache, sometimes twists the mouth, sometimes darkens the eyes; it arises from choleric heat mixed with wind, making the body hot and then turning cold again — this is the Chanthakala channel. 8. This channel is called Itha; it turns into phahi wind; when it seizes it is like the venom of the striped sap-snake biting. 9. Cures chest oppression and back pain. 10. Cures stabbing wind that rises upward. 11. Cures bo-taghat [a numbing/wasting affliction]. 12. Cures dead arm and dead hand likewise. 13. Called Sahatsarangsi. 14. Called Talahawari, also turning into Sannibat wind and then into eye-wind. 15. Called Batphloeng [foot-fire] wind: when it first seizes, it makes the sole of the foot burn as though struck by fire, the same on both sides. Treat this channel, and only then administer the medicine.

52 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur Figure 21

[diagram: a nude kneeling figure shown from the back, the head marked with a small lattice of connected points, dotted lines running from Thai numerals 1 through roughly 14 to points on the head, nape, neck, shoulders, spine, and arms]

R.O. (Captain) Khun Yotha Phithak 53

1. Cures the eye affected by cataract; apply five leeches (challuka).

2. Cures wind that darkens the eyes, causes dizziness, and then makes the eye-socket ache.

3. Cures tightness of the auditory nerve.

4. Cures convulsive wind that twists the mouth and yellows the eyes.

5. Cures bo-taghat wind on both sides alike.

6. Cures blood and phlegm surging upward; cures stabbing pain; revives one who has [apparently] died.

7. Cures a different form of [apparent] death, likewise.

8. The fontanelle channel and this channel rise straight together; cures headache caused by nasal hemorrhoidal swelling, and fever with severe thirst, and intermittent fever, and tale-ang fever alike; treating this channel halts it, and this channel lies at the centre of the fontanelle.

9. Cures wind that darkens the eyes and causes dizziness, making the eye-socket ache as though the socket were cracking open.

10. Cures wind that deadens the shoulder.

54 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur Figure 22

[diagram: a nude figure facing forward with legs spread, small circles marking points on the head and chest, and a net-like lattice of points drawn over the lower abdomen; dotted lines run from Thai numerals 1 through roughly 14 to points on the head, torso, arms, and feet]

"Take hold of both foot channels alike." "Cures dry klon [hernia/groin swelling]."

R.O. (Captain) Khun Yotha Phithak 55

1. This channel is called Sun Thakala, also Sannibat, also Pakang; it commonly causes strong headache in the morning.

2. This channel: when the wind seizes the eyes, it makes the face droop and the eyes fall.

3. Originally called Sumana; it turns into the wind of Chiwahasadom, seizing the base of the tongue so speech becomes unclear and the tongue stiffens.

4. Called Bingkhla; it turns into phahi wind, and when it seizes it carries venom like the bite of the tap-samingkhla snake; cures dead hand.

5. Cures wind that makes the eyes race at night, and eye pain, and fever that causes severe back pain.

6. Called Chanthakala; when it seizes it twists the mouth and darkens the eyes, commonly causing strong headache in the evening, arising from choleric heat and commonly mixed [with other winds].

7. Cures chest oppression on both sides alike.

8. Cures back pain.

9. Called Itha; turns into phahi wind; when it seizes it is like the venom of the striped sap-snake biting.

10. Cures dead hand.

11. This channel is called Khanathawari, also called Sannibat wind.

12. Also called Sahatsarangsi wind; when it first seizes, it makes one go utterly still, unaware and not in full consciousness.

13. This channel is called Phutthayak, also Sannibat; when it first seizes its symptoms are as though a spirit had taken up permanent residence in the body — one who does not realize the ghost has truly entered will die of it.

14. Cures water klon [hernia/groin swelling].

56 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur Figure 23

[diagram: a nude kneeling figure, the head overlaid with a dense lattice of connected points, the torso marked with horizontal rib-like lines; dotted lines run from Thai numerals 1 through 3 to points on the head, with a further line to the shoulder]

"Cures chest congestion, to make the chest breathe easily."

R.O. (Captain) Khun Yotha Phithak 57

1. Cures the eye affected by cataract; apply four leeches.

2. The two ear-loop channels cure heaviness of the ear.

3. Cures wind that darkens the eyes.

○ Count five [vertebral segments] up from the lowest of the frame, lying close against the spine; treat the cross-channel where the joints of the spine connect to one another; the sinew there ordinarily pulls at the chest, causing a start/jolt.

○ For intermittent fever and tale-ang fever, treat the projecting nodes along the line of the spine, going upward.

4. Cures antaphrom [an internal wind ailment].

○ Cures the customary wind-disorder bound up with this antaphrom wind, and one must examine it carefully in order to see it clearly.

5. When the eyes tend to mist over, treat this side-channel repeatedly, and compound nasal-snuff medicine and eye medicine; this cures the mist that has settled in and clears it.

○ Cures dark eyes, cures headache; count five [segments] up from the outer flank, and treat the secondary flank-channel on both sides alike; good on both sides.

○ Another rule: count three [segments] up from the outer flank; between the flanks lies the channel of breathlessness; the stabbing channel that causes a wrench in the chest and restlessness that prevents sleep — treat all four of these points, and then it will ease.

○ Cures a dead hip, on the left side and the right side alike.

58 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur Figure 24

[diagram: a nude standing figure with legs spread, facing the viewer, a star-shaped mark on each nipple, dotted lines running from Thai numerals 1 through roughly 17 to points on the head, face, neck, chest, abdomen, arms, hands, legs, and feet]

"Cures amphat [paralysis] wind."

R.O. (Captain) Khun Yotha Phithak 59

1. Cures convulsive wind that twists the mouth.

2. Cures hemorrhoidal swelling that causes unceasing coughing.

3. Cures wind that takes away the power of speech.

4. Cures wind that prevents eating.

5. Cures Rattanakhun wind, which deadens the hand.

6. Cures Rathayak wind.

7. Cures wind that causes stabbing chest pain.

8. Cures [pain along] this channel that reaches to the spine.

9. Cures convulsive wind.

10. Cures salak-phet [a sharp piercing pain], driving it down to the abdomen.

11. Cures rising Sannibat.

12. Cures wind that makes the fontanelle itch.

13. Cures wind that deadens [a limb] and causes chest oppression.

14. Cures bo-taghat wind.

15. Cures wind that twists both orifices alike.

16. Cures bo-taghat.

17. Cures klon-wind [hernia-wind] that causes chest oppression.

18. Also cures the wind of Chiwahasadom [tongue paralysis].

19. Cures anaraphrit wind.

60 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur Figure 25

[diagram: a nude standing figure with legs spread, facing the viewer, dotted lines running from Thai numerals 1 through 17 to points on the head, face, neck, chest, abdomen, arms, hands, legs, knees, and feet]

R.O. (Captain) Khun Yotha Phithak 61

1. For deafness that will not respond even after medicine has been taken, treat here.

2. Cures hemorrhoidal swelling that causes severe unceasing coughing.

3. Cures wind that leaves one unable to rise or sit by oneself.

4. Cures antaphrom wind.

5. Cures sakhio [hiccup] wind.

6. Cures wind that, together with phlegm, seizes the throat and makes it burn.

7. Cures khun-wind, which cures phlegm-humor.

8. Cures a chapong [embedded swelling/goitre].

9. Cures hiccups, and can also cure the chapong swelling.

10. Draws out wind that carries poison.

11. Cures long-lasting headache that will not go away, when medicine no longer helps.

12. Cures wind that blocks both ears so that nothing can be heard.

13. Cures wind that seizes and deadens the shoulder so it cannot be raised.

14. Cures sakhio wind that causes pain within the bone.

15. Cures antaphrom wind together with a wrench in the shoulder-blade, leaving the body so hot it cannot move at all.

16. Cures kasai-klon [wasting hernia], back pain, and pain of the genitals.

52 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 26

[Line drawing of a standing figure facing forward, arms and legs spread. Circular points mark the head, face, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs, each linked by a dotted line to a sequential Thai numeral from 1 to 17 around the frame. Sun-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest, and concentric circles mark the navel.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 53

[Points corresponding to Image 26 — the remedy each treats:] 1. Cures headache; for men, the right [point]. 2. Cures wind-ache that seizes so the neck cannot turn. 3. Cures inability to bow the head down or tilt it up. 4. Cures numbness in which pinching causes no pain. 5. Cures twitching and jerking, spasms that break out. 6. Cures the wind ailment called "plieo-dam" (isolated/dark wind). 7. Cures wind that causes frequent yawning and drowsiness. 8. Cures wind that tends to make the body hot. 9. Cures headache caused by blood [disorder]. 10. Cures fever with insomnia; for women the left [point], for men the right. 11. Cures the wind ailment "lom bat-khat." 12. Cures severe pain along the spine. 13. Cures severe pain in the lower back. 14. Cures sprained or wrenched sen (tendons/channels). 15. Cures numb, "dead" feet. 16. Cures wind that makes the calves tremble. 17. Cures fever that causes strong thirst.

54 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 27

[Line drawing of a standing figure facing forward, arms and legs spread. Circular points mark the head, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs, each linked by a dotted line to a sequential Thai numeral from 1 to 12 around the frame. Sun-shaped marks appear on both sides of the chest, a circle marks the navel, and a cluster of three small circles marks the groin.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 55

[Points corresponding to Image 28 — the remedy each treats:] 1. Cures insomnia, so as to bring on sleep. 2. Cures the coughing of "ridsi-duang" (a chronic wasting ailment). 3. Cures wind that causes pain rising upward. 4. Cures the wind ailment "lom bat-khat." 5. Cures "lom klon" [a wind ailment] with backache. [Unnumbered note] Cures twisting wind and stabbing wind: treat the point between the chest and both nipple-lines; both nipple-line points are treated the same way. 6. Cures "lom bat-khat" together with "lom rathayak" (giant wind), combined. 7. Brings on sleep. 8. Induces vomiting; [the point is] where the breastbone meets the nipple-line. 9. Cures stabbing wind at the side. 10. Revives flesh that has gone "dead"/numb. 11. Cures wind [insomnia], bringing sleep the same on both left and right. 12. Cures wind that causes stabbing pain in the hip.

56 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 28

[Line drawing of a standing figure facing forward, arms and legs spread. Circular points mark the head, neck, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs, each linked by a dotted line to a Thai numeral around the frame. Near the bottom of the plate the caption "cannot sleep" labels a point near the right ankle linked to numeral 11, with another point near the left foot linked to numeral 7.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 57

[Points corresponding to Image 28 — the remedy each treats; note the printed numbering skips from 4 to 6:] 1. Cures "lom pakang" spreading across the fontanelle, causing headache. 2. Cures wind [causing] tongue rigidity; [treats] both upper-ear points. 3. Cures "salak-phet" [a hip/sacral-lock ailment] on both sides; for women the left side, for men the right side. 4. Cures the wind ailment "lom bat-khat." 6. For that insomnia-wind, treat from the ankle up along both shins. 7. Cures "sannibat" [a compound tridoshic fever] arising from blood, which tends to cause blistering. 8. Cures "lom phutthayak" (giant-Buddha wind) that seizes so the eyes go stiff like [glassy, lifeless] eyes; treat at both "rak khwan" points, that is, the two collarbones. 9. Cures stomach pain that runs through to the spine. 10. Cures convulsive wind that twists the mouth [facial palsy]. 11. Cures stabbing wind that presses on the chest and shoulder, causing shoulder-blade pain, even when the body cannot move at all — if treated at the right point, it eases.

58 Textbook of the Art of Massage

Figure 29

[Line drawing of a standing figure facing forward, arms and legs spread. Circular points mark the head, neck, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs, each linked by a dotted line to a sequential Thai numeral from 1 to 12 around the frame.]

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 59

[Points corresponding to Image 29 — the remedy each treats:] 1. Cures what is called "lom inthawari," also known as "atsadomph." 2. Cures hiccups, [by treating] the sen connecting to the neck. 3. Induces vomiting; for women treat the left [point], for men the right. 4. Cures "kasai dan" (a wasting/abdominal-mass ailment). 5. Cures bloating and distension of the abdomen. 6. Cures "bat-khat" [wind ailment]. 7. Cures the tongue-rigidity wind that leaves [the sufferer] gasping and stammering; treat every sen at the base of the heel, and it eases as one wishes. 8. Cures "lom pakang" [causing] severe headache. 9. Cures "lom phutthayak," which when it seizes makes the eyes go stiff like [glassy, lifeless] eyes. 10. Cures wind that causes stitching chest pain. 11. Cures wind that causes griping stomach pain, cures cramping pain, induces vomiting. 12. Cures rising "sannibat" [fever]. 13. Cures stomach pain and cramping; for that "kasai dan," treat at the point [given], and it eases.

Textbook of the Science of the Masseur 60

An extraordinary child-physician (komarapaet), who knew the [various] kinds [of ailments], handed down from ancient times, examined the origin of all the sen (channels) that arise in our body. [Each is] one wa long, one sok wide, and one khuep thick. One must observe and know them thoroughly, and never let [that knowledge] become confused or thrown into disorder. And the wind that resides at the navel measures about 12 nikhiu [finger-widths]. Then there are sen coiling and connecting within that navel, sen numbering as many as 72,000 strands, and there are 10 sen that are foremost over all the others.

Now the names of the sen, each called by its own name, will be given, and the remedies for treating them will be stated, as follows.

1. One sen is called Itha. It runs out from the navel, then goes to the pubic mound, then to the left thigh, then to the spine, hugging up along the left side of the spine bone, then runs on, coiling up onto the head, then comes back down to the left nostril, residing at the nasal wind called Chanthakala on the left side.

2. One sen called Pingkhala runs out from the navel, then runs down to the right thigh, then coils and connects, hugging up along the right side of the spine bone, then runs up, connecting to the head, then comes down to the right nostril, residing at the wind called Sunthakala on the right side.

3. One sen called Sum runs out from the navel, then goes inward into the chest, then up along the throat to become the tongue.

4. One sen called Kalathari splits, from the navel, into 4 strands: 2 strands run up along both sides, then along both arms, all the way down to the 10 fingers; and the other 2 strands run down to both thighs, down along both shins, all the way to the 10 toes.

5. One sen called Sahatsarangsi runs out from the navel, then runs down along the thigh all the way to the left foot, then turns back up along the left shin, then up to the left nipple, then runs in under the chin, then up to branch into the root of the left eye.

6. One sen named Thawari runs out from the navel, then goes all the way down to the right foot, then comes back up along the side, passing

[continuing from the previous page] up along the right breast, running in under the right chin, then branching out to become the root of the right eye.

7. One sen called Lawusang runs out from the navel, up to the left breast-line, runs to the left side, then to the left ear, emerging as the root of the left ear.

8. One sen called Ulangka comes out from the navel on the right side, up to the right breast-line, runs in under the chin, then emerges as the root of the right ear.

9. One sen called Nanthakrawat comes out from the navel, then goes to the mouth of the stomach, the anus, and the urinary passage.

10. One sen called Kitcha comes out from the navel, running to the pubic mound and down to the penis.

These 10 sen are greater than all the other sen. The sen Susuma comes out from the navel and becomes the tongue, and the sen called Sikkhini runs from the navel out to the genitals.

The teacher has stated that there is also a class of wind arising from the navel, going up above, then [descending] 10 nikhiu below; and there are sen in all numbering 72,000 strands, which are at the navel; and there are 6 sen that are the root of all the 72,000 sen, that

[continuing] reside at the navel as the roots, coiling and connecting within the navel. And there are 10 sen, spoken of above as foremost among all the sen, and those 10 sen have the following names:

Named Itha (1), Bingkhala (1), Sumana (1), Khanathan (1), Hatsarudi (1), Kongchak (1), Khukhung (1), Sarawani (1), Thawathari (1), Sakkhini (1) — 10 in all together, as stated.

The teacher says that the sen Itha and the sen Bingkhala come out from the navel down to the left leg and the right leg, and run to the spine, then hug up along the spine bone on both sides, run up along the head, then come down along both the left and right nostrils. The left nostril is called Chanthakala, and the right nostril is called Sunthakala. And the wind called Bingkhala, when it first arises and seizes [the body], makes the face and eyes turn red all over the body; it tends to seize [the sufferer] on a Thursday — this being the first case. The wind called Sumana is also called "lom khanta-khun," also called "lom maha-sadom"; it tends to seize on a Sunday. And the wind called Kalathari, [with] 4 strands — if it seizes, it causes cold numbness, because of eating something unsuitable in excess; it tends to come from eating unsuitable food, such as eating too much rice-noodle (khanom chin) and too much sticky rice; it tends to seize on a Sunday. The wind called Sahatsarangsi tends to arise together with the wind called "khun," because of eating things such as too much sweet and fatty food; thus this class of wind arises and tends to seize on a Friday.

And, the wind called Thantari tends to give rise to Batthat [paralytic] wind strongly, the reason given being that the sufferer eats too much coconut; it tends to seize on a Tuesday. And there is a wind called Chanthaka Sangkha, arising because of bathing too much; it tends to seize on a Wednesday. The wind called Kungu arises because of eating rich, oily food on a Sunday; it tends to cause stomach pain. The wind called Sangkha tends to cause a stabbing pain on both sides of the ribs, and gives rise to the 'sand-demon' wind (Sai-yak-wayo). If it arises in the genitals, it is because of sexual desire pulling at the tendon; if in a woman, it may be because of blood, and the tendon of the womb becomes disordered, causing pain that hooks round to the side and runs to the belly and then to both knees — massage only the tendon of the phallus, and it will loosen. The wind called Sannibat causes severe headache; treat it by inducing vomiting and restoring the khwan, then treat the twisted neck-cords on both sides, the two back-cords, and the two jaw-cords, to loosen them. One kind of wind called Khanphaha, when it seizes, makes both ears ring so one cannot hear sound or speech; treat above the left [temple]. If the wind seizes so that one must lie down, it is called Tharatorana; treat above the right ear to loosen it. A wind that seizes and prevents coughing is called Rathayak wind; it tends to shift and change; treat the twisted neck-cords on both sides, the small of the back, the waist, and the belly adjoining the flank. A wind that seizes and deadens the left shoulder — if on the left it is called Batthat-rathayak; if on the right it is called Chiwasadom — treat the base of the [continues on next page].

...the arm and both edges of the shoulder-blade, likewise, and both flanks; if the left elbow or the right elbow goes dead, treat both elbows to loosen it. When Tapruet wind seizes, it causes the left or right shoulder-blade to ache; treat the wrist-joint and the ankle-joint to loosen it. One kind of Sannibat wind causes fever with a very hot body; treat the wrist-crease and the back of the hand on both sides where they join. And if it causes pain all over the body and makes the belly hard like a board, treat around the navel — this is called Antakhun wind. If it causes stabbing pain in the knee, it is called Chapong wind, also called Sakhriu. If it is Klon wind, treat both ankles. If it is Tapruet wind, treat both heels and the front of both feet by the edge of the instep, to loosen it.

Furthermore, this is told with the figure lying face-up. The wind called Sai-yak, when it seizes, stiffens the neck; treat the base of the neck and both twisted neck-cords, and it will loosen. It is also called Rathayak, also called Chiwasadom; it renders one unable to speak. It tends to cause pain in the shoulder-blades and the tips of both shoulder-blades; this too is called Batthat wind. That person tends to sit constantly and is unable to rise or sit properly; treat both heels, and treat the three rows of back-tendons, and treat the waist-tendons on both sides. The one called Thaekkala-om wind — treat the pubis, the belly, around the navel, the waist, and the spine, to loosen it. Net wind, when it seizes with a chill, twists the body like snake venom; treat the face, the back, and both legs to loosen it. One kind of Sakhriu wind is also said to seize the arm, or the foot...

...that too — treat the fronts of both shins, and it will loosen. And if in fever one craves water heavily, because there is much heat within causing thirst, this is called Sannibat wind, also called Batthat wind; treat the eye-cords on both sides, and treat both heels and both insteps, and it will loosen.

Furthermore, Tapruet wind has four kinds of character. One kind is due to the earth element; it makes the belly hard like a board, and when pinched one feels no pain. If it is due to the wind element, the cause lies in the blood and the lymph. If it is due to the fire element, the reason is that the fire element has weakened, making the face and eyes turn deep red. If it is due to the water element, it causes coldness and aching all over the body, and severe stomach pain — one cause of which is lying with a woman and then restraining the sexual climax for a long time until it subsides; being due to the earth and wind elements, it tends to give rise to Amphat-rathayak wind, Chiwasadom, [and] Khanta-khun, and it seizes only the soles of the feet and the palms of both hands, and causes tightness in the chest and heart. This is because the Batthat wind seizes the inner sen as its root cause. And when these four kinds of wind first seize, they cause dizziness and tautness of the body; treat the eyes, the rak-khwan [crown-cord], the hairline at the back of the head, both shoulder-blades, and the tendons beneath the ribs at the very end of the spine on both sides, to loosen it.

Now to speak of the names of the sen [tendon-channels]

To speak of the sen that lie within: there are great sen, and there are sen that sink deep toward the heart, and some that sink deep in the middle of the back; there are also sen that go astray within the ribcage.

If any person knows both the outer sen and the inner sen, then he may treat all the winds.

If one does not know the void-cord, the chafing-cord, and the navel-knot, then — it is said — one should settle the wind-element: from the navel it runs upward and then runs back down; the teacher-masters have given the measure as 10 finger-widths.

It is said that the sen number 72,000 in all, and they gather at the navel. Among them there are 10 that are greater than the rest — what are their names? The teacher-masters therefore revealed these 10 sen, saying thus: the one named Itha runs out from the navel down to the lower belly on the left side, then goes to the back, running close along the spine on the left side, up within, then down to the top of the left thigh; it is the wind-channel proper to the left side, also called Chanthakala.

One sen named Pingkhala likewise comes out from the navel in the same way, and goes down to the top of the right thigh; it is the wind-channel proper to the right side, called Sunthakala.

The sen called Sumana comes out from the navel, then passes all the way up into the throat and out to become the tongue.

One sen is named Lomdan [Dan-wind]; Dan-takhun wind runs out from the navel, splitting into 4 strands.

Of these, two strands run out to the left side and one to the right side; one strand ends at all 5 fingers alike, and the [remaining] 2 strands run down to the thighs and out through the toes of both feet.

One sen named Sahatsarangsi runs down along the instep of the left foot and out through the toes, then turns back up the shin to reach the left breast, then passes all the way through to the right breast, and comes out to become the root of the left eye.

One sen named Thawari runs out to the right foot, out through the toes, then back to the shin, then to the right breast, passing all the way through to the left breast, and comes out to become the root of the right eye.

One sen named Chanthaphangkha comes out from the navel and runs to the left breast, passing all the way into the left breast, becoming the root of the left ear.

One sen named Sukhu comes out from the navel and runs to the right breast, passing all the way into the right breast, becoming the root of the right ear.

One sen named Ratanamani comes out from the navel and runs down to become the genital organ.

One sen, [again] named Itha here, tends to cause the feet to tremble and the body to shake; massage it according to what the teacher-masters have stated, saying that it arises from eating raw/strong-smelling food.

One sen named Pingkhala tends to cause weariness and fatigue; it becomes Ratanawadi wind, because food has been eaten wrongly and out of order — thus it arises.

One sen named Sumana runs out from the navel upward within; it is said to be Dan-tanok wind, and passing all the way up the throat it becomes Chiwa-atsadom [tongue-lock] — thus it arises.

One sen named Chantari tends to cause numbness/pins-and-needles, because of eating citrus and salt that is sour and salty — thus it arises.

Now to tell the names of the winds so they may be known

As for Amphat wind, it seizes the leg, rising up on the left side. As for Sara-namthai wind, it seizes the right knee. As for Dan-khun wind, it seizes only the flank, causing a stabbing pain that rises upward. As for Chiwa-atsadom wind, it seizes from the heart upward as far as the base of the tongue and all the way to the tongue's tip. As for Batthat wind, it seizes only the chafing-cord and rises upward. As for Rathayak wind, it tends to seize the heart-cord, the base of the jaw, the shoulder-blade, and the shoulder. As for Salakphet wind, it tends to seize the crown of the head. 'Sun' is called Sun [the hub/void], and the winds that rise from it are of 7 original kinds — wherever they seize, do not lose track of it; this is stated here so that it may be known.

Now to speak of the massage plan

By the power of accomplishment, I shall now tell the massage plan, curing all manner of illness, curing headache and pasang.

For sannibat, massage both eyebrows.

For chiwa-sadom and hiccups, press firmly along the front hollow of the neck.

For inducing vomiting, massage the chest.

For batthat, massage the shoulder and upper arm.

For bodily aching and sannibat fever with a crooked mouth, massage the crook of the right elbow.

For colic in the belly and Atsawat-atsadom wind, massage the belly along the flank next to the navel.

For inability to sleep, press the front of the left shin.

For chiwa [tongue-lock], massage the leg-cord and the sole of the foot, along the ankle up along the shin to the left knee.

For a blockage that prevents eating, or for excessive sleepiness, massage from along the breast down along the belly by the flank, on the inner right side.

For constipation, massage the pubic mound.

For klon and batthat, whole-body aching and death-like fatigue, and sakhriu, press and massage the ankle up along the front of the shin to the knee, and along the right arm.

For [treating] the belly, have the patient lie down.

For [treating] the orifices and pain in the lower belly, massage along the groin-crease on the right side and the left side.

Now, treating the back, treating all winds

From the sole [of the foot] up over the ankle at the shin to the right knee.

For Mahasanuk, [treat] below the knee and the left calf.

For a dead shoulder, massage the shoulder and left armpit; for salakphet, massage the shoulder-blade along the flank on the left side.

For batthat, rathayak, [and] mahasadom, massage the flank along that line.

All this has been told in brief and set down so that physicians may know and understand it all.

Now, on placing leeches

If the head/eyes ache, apply 7 leeches at the crown of the head. If feverish with yellow eyes, apply 9 leeches at the eyebrows. If suffering ridsiduang-rammanat [a hemorrhoid/gum ailment], apply 9 leeches at the tip of the chin near the lips. If feverish because of Rathayak wind, with asthma and coughing, apply 11 leeches at the hollow of the neck under the chin. If suffering sakhriu, apply 7 leeches at the chest near the hollow of the neck. If suffering ben-chae, apply 3 leeches above the navel. If suffering kasai with a bloated belly, apply 9 leeches at the lower belly at the left groin-crease.

If Tapruet wind, apply 6 leeches at the belly near the groin-crease [ข้างขาว, as printed]. If venomous wind deadening the arm, apply 8 leeches at both crooks of the elbow. If sakhriu wind, apply 8 leeches under the armpit. If wind binding the shoulder-blade, apply 9 leeches between the shoulder-blades. If sannibat with headache, apply 9 leeches at the outer ankle.

Medicine for the leech-bite wound

Take 7 chilies, 7 rong-raeng myrobalans, [and] 7 [portions of] salt; grind together with lime juice, warm over a fire, wrap in cloth, and apply as a compress — it will heal.

If the bleeding does not stop, take a lime, char it, grind it, dissolve it in lime juice, and apply it — the bleeding will stop.

[diagram: figure numbered "1" in the top-left corner, within a framed illustration. Two seated figures in courtly dress and crowns. The left figure sits cross-legged with the torso twisted, one arm braced behind on the floor, the other hand pressed to the abdomen. The right figure sits cross-legged with both hands raised above the head, forearms crossed over the crown. Below them, a third figure lies on its side with the knees drawn up and the head bowed down.]

Figure 1: treats wind causing stabbing pain in the body. Figure 2: treats wind causing headache and dizziness.

Figure 3: treats wind in the hip and both thighs.

[diagram: figure numbered "2" in the top-left corner, within a framed illustration. A figure lies on its side, one leg raised and grasped with both hands, the foot drawn up behind toward the head. Below, one figure sits bent forward, reaching with both hands to grasp the foot of an outstretched leg; beside it, another figure sits cross-legged with both hands clasped together at the chest.]

Figure 4: treats wind causing stabbing pain throughout the whole body.

Figure 5: treats [disorders of] the blood. Figure 6: treats wind at the tip of the foot that reaches the calf.

[diagram: figure numbered "3" in the top-left corner, within a framed illustration. The left figure sits with one leg folded and the other knee drawn to the chest, arms wrapped around the raised leg. The right figure kneels with one arm extended straight forward at shoulder height, the other braced down at the knee. Below, a figure lies on its back with the head tipped back, one arm resting across the chest, the legs bent and raised with the feet hanging loosely.]

Figure 7: treats wind in the shoulder and both feet. Figure 8: treats wind in the spine and knee.

Figure 9: treats wind causing pain in the neck and back.

Textbook of the Art of the Masseur [page] 76

4

[diagram: a man kneeling with one leg folded behind him, wearing a pointed headdress, both hands crossed and raised above his head]

Figure 10: relieves wind of the thigh, and sannibat [a classical wind-fever/convulsive disorder], and blurred vision

[diagram: a man reclining on his side, wearing an ornate headdress, one arm stretched forward with the hand raised, both legs extended straight]

Figure 11: relieves wind-weariness and soreness at the tips of the feet and the tips of the hands

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak [page] 77

5

[diagram: a man seated cross-legged, both hands clasped behind his head, a cloth wrapped over his face]

Figure 12: relieves wind in the intestines and the feet

[diagram: a man kneeling, arms crossed and raised above his head, his head entirely wrapped in cloth]

Figure 13: relieves blood-wind affecting the [blurred] eyes

[diagram: a man lying on his back, arms crossed beneath his head, one leg bent and raised]

Figure 14: relieves [illegible] wind throughout the body

[diagram: a bearded man seated cross-legged with a wooden bar laid across his shoulders behind his neck, both hands gripping his own feet]

Figure 15: relieves wind of the thigh and sannibat, and blurred vision

[page] 78 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur

6

[diagram: a man lying prone, hovering, wearing an ornate headdress, arms crossed beneath his body, one leg extended and raised high, as if flying]

Figure 16: relieves [illegible] wind throughout the body

[diagram: a man seated, both hands cupping his face]

Figure 17: relieves anthaphrue [a named wind ailment]

[diagram: a man kneeling, one arm extended forward]

Figure 18: relieves [ailments of] the male organ

[page] 80 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur

8

[diagram: a man standing in a bent-knee stance, one hand touching his mouth]

Figure 23: relieves [illegible] wind on the top/back of the foot

[diagram: a man standing, both hands cupping his face]

Figure 26: relieves wind in the belly and cheek

[diagram: a man balancing on one leg, the other hand gripping the raised foot]

Figure 24: relieves wind at the tips of the feet and the tips of the hands

[diagram: a man seated cross-legged, wearing an ornate headdress, both hands clasped before him]

Figure 25: relieves [illegible]

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak [page] 81

9

[diagram: a man seated cross-legged, both hands raised to shoulder height in a wai-like gesture]

Figure 27: relieves wind in the chest

[diagram: a man kneeling with palms pressed together in a wai]

Figure 28: relieves wind so as to make phlegm descend [be expelled]

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak, 81

9

Figure 27: To relieve wind in the chest

[Line drawing of a man wearing a tiered crown, seated cross-legged, both hands raised to shoulder height with palms turned outward, wearing a necklace.]

Figure 28: To relieve wind so that phlegm falls

[Line drawing of a man wearing a crown, kneeling in profile, hands pressed together in a wai gesture.]

Textbook of the Art of Massage, 82

10

Figure 29: To relieve a retracted uvula and stiff neck

[Line drawing of a man wearing a crown, kneeling in profile, his right arm extended down and forward with the palm turned upward as if catching something.]

Figure 30: To relieve the wind of defilement descending into the brain

[Line drawing of a man wearing a crown lying face down with the body stretched out, the left arm extended forward and both legs straight.]

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak [page] 83

11

[diagram: a man seated cross-legged, hands clasped in his lap]

Figure 33: relieves anthaphrue [a named wind ailment]

[diagram: a man kneeling, one hand extended forward]

Figure 32: relieves wind in the feet and hands

[diagram: a man seated, head bowed and resting on his hand, legs crossed]

Figure 34: relieves wind in the hip/buttock

[diagram: a man seated kneeling, hands clasped in his lap]

Figure 31: relieves wind of the waist and the head

Textbook of the Art of the Masseur [page] 84

12

[diagram: a man kneeling, one leg folded behind him, gripping his own foot]

Figure 35: relieves wind in the knee

[diagram: a man kneeling on both knees, wearing an ornate headdress]

Figure 36: relieves wind in the thigh

[diagram: a man standing, both hands crossed behind his head]

Figure 37: relieves wind causing shoulder pain

[diagram: a man seated, one arm extended forward]

Figure 38: relieves sannibat-wind, pain in the heel and ankle

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak [page] 85

13

[diagram: a man seated leaning back, one leg extended straight, the other bent]

Figure 39: relieves wind in the knee

[diagram: a man seated cross-legged, arms crossed at his chest]

Figure 40: relieves wind in the spine/back

[diagram: a man standing, both hands crossed behind his head, one leg bent and raised forward]

Figure 41: relieves wind causing pain in the knee and thigh

[diagram: a man seated, one arm raised with the hand near his mouth]

Figure 42: causes [the afflicted] to walk with a stooped, unsteady gait

[page] 86 Textbook of the Art of the Masseur

14

[diagram: a man balancing on one leg, hands pressed together before his chest, the other leg bent across]

Figure 43: relieves wind in the knee and hand

[diagram: a man standing, arms crossed at chest level]

Figure 44: relieves wind in the male organ

[diagram: a man kneeling, hands clasped in his lap, head bowed]

Figure 45: relieves wind in the heel and [ankle]

[diagram: a man balancing on one leg, hand on his hip, face turned upward]

Figure 46: relieves wind in the upper arm

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak [page] 87

15

[diagram: a man balancing on one leg, both hands cupping his head]

Figure 47: relieves wind of the cheek

[diagram: a man balancing on one leg, both hands cupping his head]

Figure 48: relieves wind in the cheek

[diagram: a man standing, arms crossed at his chest]

Figure 49: relieves wind in the male organ

[diagram: a man seated with legs folded to one side, arms crossed at his chest]

Figure 50: relieves wind in the abdomen

48 Textbook of the Science of Massage Doctors

16

[diagram: four seated figures in Thai royal/hermit dress with pointed headdresses (chada), each demonstrating a different Ruesi Dadton self-stretching posture]

Figure 51 Relieves wind so that the whole body becomes light, free of restlessness

Figure 52 Relieves wind in the head, nose, and throat

Figure 53: Relieves phlegm Figure 54: Relieves wind of [illegible]

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 49

17

[diagram: top left, a figure in a jester-like pointed cap seated with hands clasped near the knee; top right, a standing figure with hands raised to the sides of the head, wearing a sash; bottom left and bottom right, two seated figures in pointed headdresses with arms crossed over the chest]

Figure 55: Relieves wind in the chest that gives rise to [illegible] Figure 56: Relieves wind in the abdomen

Figure 57: Relieves wind in both arms Figure 58: Relieves back pain

50 Textbook of the Science of Massage Doctors

18

[diagram: top left, a figure leaning back with hand on hip, one leg tucked; top right, an old bearded figure seated cross-legged; bottom left, a figure playing a flute; bottom right, a seated figure with hands resting in the lap, wearing a striped sash]

Figure 59: Relieves wind in the intestines and spine Figure 60: Relieves wind in the knees and ankles

Figure 61: Relieves wind in both hands Figure 62: Relieves wind of [illegible]

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 51

19

[diagram: a single seated figure in a pointed headdress, one leg tucked under, one knee raised, the right hand resting near the raised knee]

Figure 63: Relieves wind at the hip/thigh

━━━ ❖ ━━━

End, complete and entire: the Handbook of Ruesi Dadton (Hermit Self-Stretching Exercises) together with the Explanatory Account of the Science of Massage Medicine ━━━ ❖ ━━━

Now, an explanation will be given of the characteristics and symptoms of the various diseases that occur, briefly, as a summary, so that it may serve as a means to examine and determine what kind of disease it is, what symptoms it shows, and what medicine should be used to cure it. For ordinarily, when we, or a doctor, are about to give medicine for a patient to take, if we do not know what kind of fever it is, giving the patient medicine to take is useless in vain — worse still, it may sometimes even increase the harm. Since this is so, we must therefore learn the characteristics and symptoms of the various fevers, so that the medicines we have may be made to produce results according to our intention. However, the illnesses and sicknesses that afflict our people are many and varied in kind — it is difficult for us to learn them all to their very end.

96 Pharmacy Section

However it may be, we should not forget — an old proverb says, "To know a thing is not the same as carrying it on one's shoulders" [knowledge is no burden]. Next, the symptoms of fevers and certain other kinds of disease will be described in order, briefly.

Symptoms of the Various Fevers

As for fevers that carry poison, there are two kinds together: one kind has no pustules breaking out on the skin, and the other kind has pustules breaking out on the skin. The kind with no pustules breaking out on the skin is, by name, of 6 sorts, namely: 1. minor cold-fever 2. major cold-fever 3. minor nosebleed-fever 4. fever with fainting stupor 5. fever with shivering fits 6. phlegm-fever The kind with pustules breaking out on the skin is, by name, of 7 sorts, namely: 1. major nosebleed-fever 2. asthma-fever 3. cold-fever 4. fever with fainting stupor 5. blood-poison fever 6. raksat fever 7. phadat (rash) fever

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 97

The 13 kinds of fever described above have differing symptoms, as follows:

Minor Cold-Fever, Major Cold-Fever

When it seizes [the patient], the symptoms are: the body turns hot, the head aches, there are fits of alternating heat and chills, the nose becomes stuffed, mucus runs, and there is coughing and sneezing — this is called minor cold-fever. If the symptoms increase: the patient becomes dazed and loses appetite, the bowels become constipated, the mucus dries and clogs, the mouth turns sour and bitter, the mouth and throat become dry, the tongue is coated with a thick white film, the pulse beats faster and stronger than normal; sometimes the feet swell and sometimes the swelling travels about the body — this is major cold-fever. If left untreated for a long time it may turn into hemorrhoid-and-phlegm-obstruction disease, and into asthma and coughing as well.

Minor Nosebleed-Fever

When it seizes [the patient], the symptoms are: the body turns hot, the head aches, there are fits of alternating heat and chills, the patient becomes dazed and aches all over, the body feels feverish and shivery. －7－

98 Pharmacy Section

the throat becomes dry, the saliva grows sticky, the bowels become constipated, the urine is reddish, the pulse beats faster and stronger than normal — these are the symptoms of minor nosebleed-fever. If not treated and the symptoms increase: the patient falls into fainting stupor at irregular times, feels hot inside and thirsty, the face reddens, the eyes redden, the forehead feels tight, the throat is dry, the tongue is coated with a thick white film, appetite is lost, aching spreads through the whole body, the pulse beats as fast as 100 to 120 beats per minute. Sometimes red spots break out like mosquito-bite welts with black centers; sometimes blood comes from the nose or mouth; sometimes the patient becomes delirious, raving, and restless. If not treated, kan [dark toxic-spot poison] will form internally. As for kan: when it is about to form, it produces strong internal heat-poison; when the heat becomes intense, red spots break out equal in size to mosquito-bite welts, appearing in the intestines, the kidneys, the liver, the lungs, and the spleen as well. Wherever it breaks out, that place becomes swollen or turns soft and mushy, and [the patient] usually dies within 7 or 11 days. After death, the kan breaks out over the skin in patches, in discs, in rings, coloured red as though scorched and charred. If the poison is overcome and recedes within 7, 9, or 11 days without death, the lingering affliction may fall into sannibat [a compounded derangement of the bodily humors]; the bodily element becomes disordered and deranged, the stool becomes abnormal, and in time this develops into a disease of the bowel-element.

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 99

Major Nosebleed-Fever

While still within the span of the fever-poison, before it has become kan-poison, if pustules break out — small grains like polished rice appearing on the skin, as described above — that fever is more often cured than fatal. If it reaches kan-poison, that fever is more often fatal than cured.

Fever with Fainting Stupor

When the fever seizes [the patient], the symptoms are: the body turns hot, the head aches, [the patient] falls into fainting stupor; at the time of the fit the feet and hands are cold, there is strong internal heat and thirst, the mouth and throat are dry, the bowels are constipated, the urine is red — this is called major nosebleed-fever. If pustules break out, or there are raised patches, in sheets, in discs, in rings appearing on the skin, this is called blood-poison fever. If, after the pustules break out, the stools become loose, this is called raksat fever. If no pustules appear on the skin, the fainting-stupor symptom gradually eases, and when, at the time of the fit, there is cold shivering and trembling, it turns into fever-with-shivering-fits.

Fever with Shivering Fits

When it seizes [the patient], the symptoms are: the body turns hot, the head aches, the bowels are constipated; when the time of the fit arrives, there is shivering and trembling with cold, and at that time the hands turn cold

100 Pharmacy Section

the feet turn cold; when it is about to break, sweat comes out and the body loses its heat, the hands and feet grow warm, [the patient] craves water and passes urine, sometimes vomits; once it has broken, [the patient] cannot get up to sit or walk. Then, when the next turn to seize comes round, it seizes again; it seizes every day; sometimes it skips a day or two before seizing. If it has seized for many days, it makes the face pale, kills the appetite, and coats the tongue with a white film. If, when treated, the fits do not stop, over time it often becomes pang-fever, causing the belly and abdomen to become bloated. Sometimes it becomes a lump with a prolapsed, enlarged spleen, making the spleen and stomach swell; worm-creatures come to life in the intestines and stomach; sometimes they are vomited out, sometimes they pass out with the stool. With this kind of fever, when the fluid is about to rise, cold shivering and trembling seize [the patient], from catching cold wind and cold damp. When the fits become chronic over a long time, they cause loss of appetite, a bloated belly, and the bodily element to weaken little by little; the stool becomes disordered in various ways, causing the hands and feet to swell, and it may descend into a disease of the bowel-element.

Phlegm-Fever

This arises from a condition that first develops in the stomach and intestines, causing phlegm to grow thicker and more abundant than normal; it causes nausea and loss of appetite, makes the mouth taste sweet, and the belly to become hard as a board because of the phlegm. When the phlegm

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 101

it turns poisonous and causes the body to become moderately hot, causing headache and shivering with cold, the hair standing on end. When it seizes, the hands and feet turn cold, but — unlike all other fever-poisons — the stool does not become constipated; the urine is white, thick, forming into a mucus-like substance or clumps, and causes the palms and soles to turn pale and bloodless-white. Sometimes it causes coughing and the vomiting of phlegm. As the symptoms increase, there is tightness and oppression in the chest, internal heat and thirst, sweating and weariness, sores in the mouth and throat, the tongue coated white, drowsiness and fainting stupor, and aching pain in the joints and bones. If, in its later stage, the fever grows chronic over a long time, the stool develops more and more phlegm; if pustules or sores form in the intestines or around the rectum, they cause the stool to be mixed with phlegm and blood, with a foul, rank, fishy smell, causing the hands and feet to swell, and it may descend into consumption or disease of the bowel-element. If it occurs in a child of 4 years or under, it is called "thief-cataract" [a childhood wasting ailment] or "mucus-blood." To sum up, the six kinds of fever without pustules breaking out on the skin: for major nosebleed-fever, sometimes pustules do break out resembling mosquito-bite marks, and sometimes they do not. If no pustules break out but the fever's poison remains strong, it may still fall into the range of kan-poison.

102 Pharmacy Section

The Characteristics of Kan: There Are 6 Kinds

1. Kan Phi Phit (spirit-poison kan) 2. Kan Khut (feces kan) 3. Kan Mut (urine kan) 4. Kan Singkhli 5. Kan Phit 6. Kan Phithak

These six kinds of kan have differing symptoms, namely:

Kan Phi Phit

This occurs by entering and seizing the heart; its symptoms make [the patient] rigid and motionless, losing consciousness entirely, the body growing hot in bouts, the pulse running deep until sometimes it even stops for a while, with tightness and internal heat, and panting exhaustion.

Kan Khut

Once it occurs, it causes delirium and total loss of consciousness while asleep; the stool turns a colour black like ink, and there is intense heat like fire, with strong panting exhaustion.

Kan Mut

The symptoms are painful, obstructed urination; the urine itself turns black like ink, scant in amount, turbid and thick with sediment; it brings drowsiness, fainting stupor, and weariness, with delirium, cold hands, cold feet, tightness in the throat, and hiccuping breath.

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak — 103

Kap Singkhli

Symptoms: yellow urine and stools also yellow, yellow eyes. This type of kap can arise anywhere; if a sufferer is not quickly treated to recovery within 3 days, the patient will die, dying with thrashing, struggling movements. Once dead, the body is yellow as though smeared with turmeric.

Kap Phiphit

When it rises it eats away at the lobe of the liver; when it subsides it eats at the edge of the liver. It tends to break down blood and phlegm, which rot with a very foul smell. It causes fullness and tightness in the chest, causes hiccupping 2-3 times, and causes frequent vomiting.

Kap Phithak

It tends to eat at the edge of the liver, causing diarrhea. If it eats at the healthy lobe, stools tend to come out greenish-yellow, and it tends to attach to the liver, because that portion of the liver, when discharged, has a very foul rotten smell, and causes breathlessness and frequent thirst.

For the kap diseases described above, one should use medicine with an astringent, bitter, and fragrant taste to treat them. The recipes will be given on a later occasion.

104 — Department of Pharmacy

Symptoms of Headache from Sun and Wind Exposure

Excessive exposure to sun and wind may cause headache and make the skin of the body burn hot. But if the exposure is slight, there is no bodily fever — instead heat settles in the face and temples, causing a dull throbbing ache on both sides.

If it is minor it usually resolves on its own without needing any medicine. When a headache is beginning, it usually causes a slight feeling of chills through the flesh and body, which then leads on to the headache. But in some people the pain is so severe as to be nearly unbearable. And sometimes, because the stool has become bound up in constipation, there may also be some fever symptoms at that time (one should observe and remember carefully, so as to give medicine appropriate to the disease present).

Symptoms of Kasai (Wasting) Disease

This kasai disease has many varieties. The ancients often said there are as many as 108 kinds — kasai sen (tendon-wasting), kasai thao dan, kasai chuk siat, kasai nep cha, kasai lom, kasai phom lueang (pale wasting), and others of this kind. But the symptoms of this disease tend to resemble one another, namely causing aching pain throughout the body in various places, such as the lower back, the calves, the front of the thighs and the elbows, aching pain along the spine or the flanks, cramping...

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak — 105

Aching tightness in the chest, painful difficulty breathing, at times bloating and flatulence, and belching with a sour smell, a choking blockage in the throat, nausea, wasting away pale and sallow, loss of appetite, poor sleep, and often listless and weak with little strength. The stool tends to be bound up in constipation. At times there are chills through the flesh and body as if feverish; when exposed to cold, one tends to urinate in endless dribbles, etc.

The symptoms described above are all symptoms of kasai disease.

Symptoms of Disordered Stomach

We can recognize it by symptoms causing the eyes to feel unsteady, and looking at anything seems to make everything spin, dim vision, nausea, vomiting up food residue with a sour, foul smell. Also, after eating, one feels nauseated and tends to vomit or have stomach pain. When the stomach has little food in it, it tends to bring up foul-smelling wind by belching, vomiting occurring periodically; and when much food is eaten, it is all vomited out, which then tends to cause greater stomach pain.

But the stomach pain tends to occur more on the left side than the right side, an aching tightness reaching down to the navel. When evacuated, the discharge has a very foul smell...

106 — Department of Pharmacy

...a lot; the urine is also cloudy, with a deep dark-red colour. When symptoms such as these described occur, treat them quickly from the very outset. If allowed to persist and worsen, it will be difficult to treat.

Tuberculosis

As for tuberculosis, or what in ancient times was called "the ghost disease of the belly," it has several clear, evident symptoms: the body deteriorates, becomes emaciated and pale, progressively losing its healthy colour until finally pallid and sallow; body weight also decreases; a cough develops, but it usually occurs on going to bed, on waking, in the morning, evening, and afternoon there is chilliness with hot skin; there is also usually fever at night, and on lying down to sleep there is sweating, and sometimes coughing brings up blood. If symptoms such as these described occur, one should quickly nourish the body and build up its strength, quickly have a doctor examine it so as to plan prevention and fight the disease from the very outset. If it is neglected for a long time it can become dangerous to life.

Kap Rok (Kap Fever)

Once it has arisen, it makes the body hot and the head ache, behaving as though it were becoming a fever. The tongue develops a thick white coating, and when...

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak — 107

Once the fever has taken hold, there is no time for it to abate before the breath of life ends; this type of disease is called kap rok. The symptoms of kap rok, once it has arisen, appear within about two or three hours, or at the very slowest within only two days: glandular boils must sprout under the chin, and at the armpit and the front of the thigh there is a swelling that turns red and usually becomes inflamed, causing great pain. But it usually does not have time to fully suppurate before the patient dies first, in most cases. Only when the patient has had it for more than two days do those glandular boils form pus, resembling a headless ghost, which is called "the headless ghost." The determined day of death for one who has this disease, at its fastest, is only 20 hours; at its slowest, only 5 or 6 days. And once this kap rok has arisen, it tends to spread from person to person in succession. This type of disease is counted as one of the severe diseases; whoever contracts it should quickly seek a skilled physician to treat it from the very outset.

Beriberi (Nep Cha)

This beriberi disease is a type of disease that is stranger than other fevers and illnesses. There are symptoms one can observe: once it has arisen in someone, there is aching pain along the calves, making the sufferer feel for themselves that their calves feel heavy while walking, and...

108 — Department of Pharmacy

...the arms and legs also have a symptom of quivering pain while walking, and there is numbness and tingling; the arms and legs feel tight and uncomfortable, the chest breathing not very comfortable, together with fatigue, tiredness and breathlessness. Because of this, doctors call it "nep cha" (beriberi).

This beriberi disease exists in 2 kinds, differing only in symptoms: one kind, once it arises, causes the body to swell; the other kind causes the body to become progressively paler and thinner. As for the medicine for suppressing this type of disease, the recipes state many varieties — please choose and use as appropriate.

Tetanus

As for tetanus, it usually arises from a chronic wound with infectious germs mixed into it, that is, having very potent poison, causing the person painful twitching of the tendons, a stiff jaw, and subsequently the muscles of other parts also all stiffen, causing the patient's body to become rigid and unable to breathe. This tetanus germ is truly vicious; even in a small amount it can easily cause the sick person to die.

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak — 109

Paralysis (Amphat)

Paralysis often turns into beriberi as well, and then becomes a cause for the hands to die/lose feeling and the feet to die/lose feeling, and it often extends to link up with various tendons, causing the legs to stiffen and lose sensation.

Sometimes, if severe, it can cause one whole side of the body to die/go numb. In the end result, the person becomes disabled, crippled and lame, losing use of the leg for the rest of their life. As soon as one senses this occurring, one should quickly treat it from the very outset.

Diseased Liver

As for this diseased-liver condition, once it has arisen, it causes the head to become hot, headache, the backs of the hands and feet to be hot, the mouth dry and red, the eyes weary, hunger and fatigue with no strength to be found, the gaze becomes clouded and dull, and the breath, when breathing, is loud and long; the stool is also abnormal.

Whoever has symptoms as described above should know that this is diseased liver; it should not be neglected for a long time, because it will turn into an abscess forming in the liver, which will be difficult to cure.

Abscess of the Lung

The word "abscess" covers very many different kinds. Here we shall speak only of the abscess that arises from the lungs. At first, when it begins, it usually arises...

110 — Department of Pharmacy

...from a cold with a blocked nose, which then turns into a cold descending into the throat, coughing until the throat becomes inflamed; the throat dries and then infectious "ghost" germs enter and mix with the cough, causing a feeling of pain in the chest, a stitching, stinging sensation while coughing. As the days pass, the cough becomes drier and drier each time, until the patient wastes away, becoming pale and thin progressively, to the point of being scarcely able to eat, sleeping poorly, dozing on and off like this. And sometimes other illness is mixed in as well; just as it eases and food can be eaten again, one loses weight until the skin clings to the bone. It becomes chronic, going on for periods of some 5-6 months, sometimes over a year, depending on whether the abscess germ is more or less. In the end, if not properly treated and cared for from the start, one should expect hopelessness in the final stage, unto the end of life.

Heart Disorder

Once it arises there is usually a stabbing pain in the heart, usually with pimples forming, a rash blistering over the body, the skin pale and wan, the face dark, dull and gloomy, the face puffy and swollen, usually with wind escaping via the ears and frequent hiccupping. Urine comes out scantily; one does not wish to speak or converse with anyone, feeling drowsy and dazed, dizzy and fearful, and sometimes the heart beats fast and strong beyond normal, sometimes it beats slow and faint beyond normal. The symptoms described here are the symptoms of heart disorder.

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak — 111

Pericarditis

The symptoms of this disease: when it arises there is usually fluid forming within the membrane wrapping the heart, causing the heart to become dropsical, dropsy arising in the heart, and the heart swells and enlarges; the heart develops a sore; the blood forms a hard clot inside the heart; the nerves governing the heart become disordered, malignant flesh and "ghosts" (necrotic growths) arise at the heart, the heart valve leaks — these are called pericarditis.

Whoever has symptoms such as these should quickly prepare medicine to cure them; do not let it persist for a long time, because it is dangerous to life.

Wind Rising to the Upper Body

This condition of wind rising to the upper body mostly occurs only in the elderly. It is a fine/subtle kind of wind, causing dim vision and dizziness, giddiness, tightness and stabbing pain in the chest, and often diarrhea; sometimes it turns into dysentery-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting, dizziness of the head, and usually fatigue and weariness of heart, the brain remaining constantly clouded and dull. All these things are symptoms of the wind-rising-to-the-upper-body disease. One should take aromatic medicine to counter the various winds.

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Dysentery

Dysentery is a type of disease which, when severe, is very difficult to treat, and tends to afflict many people, particularly once age brings one into adulthood. The first symptoms of illness usually cause the patient not to pass stool for 2-3 days, then finally passing it once; but when it comes out, it usually makes the stool hard, in a lump, and also difficult to pass out fully. There is often a constant urge as if about to pass stool, and the head of the stool lump passed tends to be very hard. There is also a heavy, bearing-down pain in the stomach; sometimes pain at the anus, sometimes even a sore develops, causing griping pain in the abdomen in bouts, passing stool many times a day, but each time only a little comes out, and it tends to cause griping, stinging pain just before passing stool, though once passed the pain subsides. Before long, however, the pain returns. This continues for many days, and then it causes mucus to form with the stool lump. At this stage sometimes fresh blood flows out, sometimes bruised blood and pus; sometimes there is a foul smell like rotten shrimp coming out with the stool, yet the illness still has not resolved even then. Only once purgative medicine is given and it is treated the right way will this dysentery then...

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak — 113

...be able to heal to normal. If treated incorrectly it may likewise cause death. If one knows one has it, one should promptly prepare and take medicine to cure dysentery from the very outset.

Ordinary Bloating (Not From Fever)

The symptom of bloating is common in general, but here we shall speak of bloating symptoms that are not due to fever. It is felt with a sound like "pu pu," usually causing the abdomen to feel tight and distended, but not to the point of griping or stabbing stomach pain.

Once some stool has been passed, it subsides. This condition arises because of disorder of the bodily elements. One should use a laxative medicine to cleanse the stomach first, then take clove-purifying medicine or other stomach-regulating medicines.

Aggravated Elements (Dhat Kamroep)

The symptom of aggravated elements, or an overly sour/acidic fire-and-water element, is usually a symptom in disordered-blood disease, which causes paleness and thinning, or lack of deep redness, and arises either from the stomach developing a sore, or from the tendon governing the stomach becoming aggravated, causing excessive excretion of the fire-element fluid beyond normal.

8

114 — Department of Pharmacy

Weakened Elements (Dhat Yon)

Weakened elements usually arise from a fire-water element that is not overly sour; it appears in disorders of the tendon governing the stomach, such as during certain phases of aggravated-elements disease, and in "mad-twitching" disease (rok ba chi), in disease of the weakened stomach-governing tendon, in disordered-blood disease which has severe symptoms, in poisonous inflamed-stomach disease, in stomach cancer, in diseases with intensely feverish poison, in swollen-stomach disease — these arise from heart disorder or liver disorder, and take the form of a chronic disease.

Stomach Pain

Stomach pain is not confined only to the intestines; even the stomach itself can have pain of a severe kind, such as stomach pain in "wind of the inherited constitution" disease (lom sandan), for example. The intestinal portion tends to hurt from improper food or dietary transgression, causing stabbing, piercing pain and rumbling of the belly, that is, sharp stinging pain in the abdomen, with severe pain occurring in bouts. If there is bloating causing a dull, persistent ache, it is usually due to the stool being bound up in constipation, or due to some disease occurring along the intestine. One should use "dhat banchop" medicine or "benja dhat" (five-elements) medicine.

R.O. Khun Yotha Phithak 115

Constipation

This condition of constipation arises because the intestines fail to knead food down to the lower part, or the intestines fail to expel water and the fire element normally, or the glands that absorb food along the intestines become overactive, drawing the water along those intestines until they dry out. The stool then hardens into a solid mass.

This condition of constipation is a regular symptom of various fevers, and of diseases of intestinal weakness or paralysis, or of the wasting disease known as kasai.

Black-and-Red Pox Fever

When this kind of fever occurs, it gives the sufferer chills alternating with fever — cold and hot by turns — and the skin becomes entirely covered with a fine red rash resembling raw meat, or sometimes it is yellowish, resembling the colour of rice froth — that is, a white base tending toward deep yellow — with small pustules erupting all over. This red spot marks the tip of a blood vessel. The characteristics described here are the early-stage symptoms of black-and-red pox fever.

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Vomiting

This condition of vomiting has many different possible causes. It may be due to the power of a drug, or to some kind of harmful pathogen, or it may accompany a fever, or it may be due to blood being pumped abnormally to the brain, such as in seasickness or dizziness from a swing — these things can also cause vomiting. Also, it can arise because the stomach has developed an ulcer or a cancer, or a disorder of the bodily elements that causes the stomach to expand, and vomiting of this kind occurs as well; or it may be that the stomach has received a jolt or shock, such as when one eats a full stomach of food and then goes running around — it is this shaking received by the stomach itself that causes the vomiting. But sometimes vomiting occurs because of morning sickness in pregnancy; or vomiting occurs because a disease has arisen in the womb, ovaries, or intestines, causing that disease to travel to the nerve stem that controls the stomach, and when this happens it causes the stomach to develop a cracking sensation, which then makes the symptom of vomiting appear. This too occurs, and so on. These symptoms of vomiting are not, in themselves, a particularly serious disease, and there are many remedies for this vomiting sickness — please go ahead and pick one out to cure it.

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Ectopic Pregnancy

When a woman is pregnant outside the womb, this usually gives rise to symptoms of dizziness, a feeling of abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding, and when one presses to feel what is inside the abdominal cavity close to the womb, the woman will feel pain. If the pregnancy is in the fallopian tube, the tube will rupture, at the latest, within three and a half months; or if the pregnancy has settled in the abdominal cavity, the child may survive up to nine months and may live without being in danger.

Defective Womb

As for a defective womb, there will first be an abnormal discharge of white leukorrhea, irregular menstrual blood, or, at the onset of the menses — which is the first sign of the sickness — there will next be aching and tiredness of the body across the lower back, and it will make the head feel numb and dizzy with rising wind (ลม), the heart weak and fluttering, and the sufferer will often become quick to anger, forgetful, and absent-minded; some even suffer convulsions. They grow lazy about their work, the skin becomes pale, wan and dark, they lose their appetite, and sleep poorly. Once this disease has set in, if it is not treated promptly, or is treated the wrong way, it will not be cured, and it may even turn into diabetes, or the sufferer may become deranged. Sometimes it also turns into...

118 Department of Pharmacy

...tuberculosis or hemorrhoids, one should promptly choose a remedy to take right from the very outset.

Convulsive Fever in Children (Sang-chak)

The symptoms of this convulsive-fever disease cause the child's body to become hot, with a slight accompanying fever; the child becomes fretful, sleeping restlessly, startling and waking repeatedly. When the time comes it often turns into a windborne convulsion, to the point that the jaw locks rigid, the body stiffens and lies writhing and thrashing in distress. Sometimes urine and stool flow out copiously; but once some urine and stool have come out, the child gets some relief, only to be seized again when the time comes round. At this point the child usually becomes listless, lying curled up and refusing food; whatever is eaten is usually vomited back up entirely with a foul smell; even milk is usually brought back up. When this continues for a long time, it makes the child pale and much thinner than normal, and it can easily become dangerous. One should use the remedy for convulsive fever given later at the end of this book.

Talakhamoi (Wasting Fever)

This disease called talakhamoi was in ancient times called talasang. It usually occurs in children, causing diarrhea, a disordered constitution, foul, strongly-smelling stool, and stool passed little and often. The child tends to...

R.O. Khun Yotha Phithak 119

...forbidden foods; the child tends to eat fish more than rice, and likes raw, fishy foods of various kinds, and can hardly manage to eat proper meals. In time this usually causes the stool to become mucus and blood; sometimes fresh blood comes out, persisting for a long time, and this makes the child pale, thin, gaunt and weak, with strength failing until the belly bulges, the buttocks flatten, the head grows large with skin stretched tight over the bones, the joints weak, and the child sleeps startling and frightened. Sometimes this turns into a fever, called "fever combined with sang," with symptoms that cloud and dull the eyes, and the stool takes on various colours — some greenish, some reddish, some whitish-yellow — though mostly it tends to be whiter than other colours, with an intensely foul, fishy smell, almost unbearable; the skin is hot, though sometimes the hands and feet are cold (at this stage fever is combined with sang); there is headache at the temples, a racing pulse, and the child cries and frets.

When the symptoms described here arise in anyone's child, that child's guardians should not remain calm and neglect it, but should treat it promptly from the very moment it begins, because if it is left untreated for a long time it will become dangerous for the child. This disease, as far as has been observed, mostly occurs in children aged two or three years, though sometimes children as old as twelve or thirteen have it as well. For this disease one may use a boiled decoction to treat talakhamoi.

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Periodontal Disease (Ramanat)

This disease of ramanat, or toothache, at its onset is usually a clear sheen on the tooth, which then goes on to spread to the gums. During the period when a round nodule develops there, it causes aching and itching sensations. When it has persisted for about two to three days, it goes on to develop pus. At this stage it causes great pain — some people can hardly bear it. The place that hurts most is the root of the tooth; one cannot bear to let anything touch it at all. Discharge from the ear and tears flow like this for about five to six days, and then it bursts, releasing lymph mixed with bruised blood and pus, which flows out through the gap between the teeth. Once it has burst like this, the pain is more or less relieved. However, in some people, when it hurts, it often causes a hot sensation over the skin, almost as if becoming feverish, and this is simply because of the poison of the inflammation itself. If there is an opportunity to extract the tooth, one should have it extracted.

There are many remedies for this disease. If no medicine is available, using salt or camphor also relieves the pain quite well; or when the pain is very severe, finely ground salt mixed with strong liquor, held in the mouth, will also relieve the pain (this ground salt mixed with liquor has been used before and has likewise given good results). Also, in some people this disease progresses until the jaw/chin swells, in which case one should find something cool (not cold like ice) to apply to the swelling — for example, cassumunar ginger (ไพล) ground with liquor and applied as a paste also works.

R.O. Khun Yotha Phithak 121

Scurvy (Lakkapit-Lakkapoet)

This disease of scurvy arises because the base [of the mouth] is dirty — that is, oral hygiene is not kept clean. Sometimes it arises from insects eating into the teeth, and the final result is a clear sheen forming on the teeth, and swelling of the gums, with aching, itching, and mild pain; but at times the pain is severe and there is blood flowing out mixed with bruised matter and pus, with an intensely foul, fishy smell. Sometimes fresh blood flows out too. The symptoms described here are called scurvy (lakkapit-lakkapoet). One should apply cold medicine soaked into cotton wool to the swollen area.

Asthma

Asthma is a kind of disease. At its onset it usually causes short, shallow breathing, along with tiredness, panting, and weakness, and when about to sit up one must use the arms to press against the seat in order to breathe comfortably, and when breathing there is a wheezing sound.

These symptoms at first last only two or three minutes. If one leaves it neglected and does not promptly cut off the root cause, it may last several hours at a time, and coughing begins to increase as well, and this coughing becomes very troublesome — a dry cough that gradually worsens each time, until phlegm develops...

122 Department of Pharmacy

...clear in colour and very sticky.

If anyone develops symptoms like this, they should know that they have asthma, and should treat it promptly right when it first newly appears. One should use the smoking remedy for asthma or the oral remedy for asthma described later at the end of this book, because it has already been used with good results many times.

Ringworm

Ringworm is a kind of skin disease, but it is easy to cure and does not cause serious harm like other diseases. It mostly arises on the body — wherever the body is dirty, it usually appears there, and it tends to spread and become contagious easily. Sometimes it occurs at the waistline, or around the area covered by a wrapped cloth. At the onset it is usually first noticed from the appearance of a rash, with small pimples arranged in a ring appearing in patches. The pimples that appear are white in colour and itchy. If one scratches and a pimple bursts, there is lymph fluid oozing within the pimple, carrying the pathogen attached to the skin where the disease is, and this is what causes the itching. Once one has rubbed and scratched it a bit, it subsides temporarily, and at this stage it begins to develop flaky scales, taking on various dull whitish colours, but it does not cause serious harm. This disease of ringworm, even though it may...

R.O. Khun Yotha Phithak 123

...if not treated it may also heal on its own. As for the medicines used to treat it, there are many kinds as will be described at the end of this book.

Leprosy (Khi-thut)

This disease of khi-thut, also known as "the disease of karma," is very difficult to cure. Once anyone has contracted it, that person must be reckoned to have [bad] karma, because very few cases of this kind of disease can be cured. Even when a cure is achieved, it is only temporary. This kind of disease at its origin is usually a continuation of hereditary lineage — that is, transmitted down from one's ancestors — but there are also cases where a person contracts it through their own actions in the present. As for those who contract it through their own actions, it mostly arises from venereal disease that has repeatedly entered the joints and broken out in sores over time, until it becomes a chronic disease of many years' standing and then turns into khi-thut disease. And if it is not cured in its early stage, it then progresses into the disease of leprosy proper (กุฏฐัง), causing repulsive symptoms, with lymph fluid oozing throughout the body. It tends to appear along the finger joints first, and then lymph fluid oozes over various parts of the body, which in turn causes rotting, decaying sores to spread over most of the body. It tends to erupt on the fingers and toes. Once it has progressed this far, there is no longer any way to treat and cure it. In the early stage when this disease is beginning, there are symptoms that can be observed...

124 Department of Pharmacy

...it can be recognized by the body becoming intensely hot, and then small bumps forming into a rash all over the body, with a faint reddish colour, remaining like this not for very long, and then gradually subsiding. It remains present only at the ears and cheeks, and at the nose, making the nose thick and swollen, and then it goes on to settle in the fingers and toes, becoming a thicker rash each time, until it becomes blistering sores wherever the rash was, causing those sores to rot and fester with deep-seeping lymph fluid, until the fingers and toes rot off and separate from the body. Some people even end up with their nose caving in. This disease, to speak truthfully, usually arises in the bone first, and then erupts outward to various places on the body. But as far as has generally been observed, even if treatment is stopped temporarily, it may sometimes subside as well, but before long it returns again. This disease is considered very severe; if anyone contracts it, they must by no means remain complacent, because this disease is very difficult to cure. If it is not cured, it will lead to death, or even if cured, the sufferer must remain disabled for the rest of their life. As for the medicine to treat this disease, I (the author) will explain it on a future occasion.

Measles

This disease of measles — at the onset we can recognize it from the patient having a hot body, headache, and alternating chills and fever. It continues like this...

R.O. Khun Phithak Yotha 125

After about three or four days, round red spots erupt, some as large as peppercorns, some smaller, scattered over the whole body. During the time it is present it usually causes thirst, and the patient can hardly manage to eat food. But once it has lasted about seven or eight days, it subsides, and the red spots that erupted disappear. At this point the bodily elements (ธาตุ) are still not normal, so one should first take a bitter-tasting decoction to expel [the remaining disorder], and then use a laxative and a tonic to restore the elements afterward; the patient will then return to normal as before.

Leukorrhea (Mutkit)

The symptoms of this disease of leukorrhea mostly occur in women. There is usually a thin, cloudy, thickish whitish discharge trickling out, and around the edge of the vaginal opening there are pimples or itchy, festering sores, burning and intensely foul-smelling, causing aching in the hip area and a stinging sensation in the womb; the sufferer often feels faint and dizzy, with darkened vision, and loses appetite for food. All of these are symptoms of the disease of leukorrhea. One should prepare the medicine described at the end of this book and take it.

Purulent Leukorrhea (Fi Mutkit)

The symptoms of purulent leukorrhea, which forms pus and has a white discharge, cause the sufferer to feel a burning, stinging pain when urinating, and there is a white layer/discharge coming out...

126 Department of Pharmacy

...resembling beef fat/tallow, forming festering sores with internal pus, which flows out from time to time, a little at a time. This usually causes considerable annoyance and distress. Whoever suffers from this should promptly consult a skilled physician.

Scabies

This kind of skin disease is, for the most part, very common, occurring more in children than in adults. There are two kinds of this disease altogether: one is commonly called "hard scabies" (หิดด้าน), and the other is called "festering scabies" (หิดเปื่อย).

Both kinds of scabies have closely similar symptoms, except that the head of "hard scabies" has the shape of a small round lump with a clear whitish colour, resembling a corn/callus on the skin, forming a translucent sheen in the crevices of the fingers and in other dirty places. This disease of scabies usually causes an itching sensation that constantly makes one want to scratch. Whenever it is touched or rubbed, an itching sensation arises immediately. Some people, when it itches, scratch until blood comes in and out; but even scratching until the skin peels off, its itching sensation does subside [temporarily]. And its head continually oozes with lymph fluid. And if it is left for longer, the more it spreads over every part of the body...

Rt. Sub-Lt. Khun Yothaphithak — 134

As for the weeping form of scabies, when it occurs it feels the same as the dry form of scabies, except that the sores that appear tend to ooze much more serum than dry scabies, and it tends to keep flowing out constantly — wherever this serum flows to, the eruption spreads along and follows it there.

As for this scabies disease, if a person who has it lets it go untreated and it becomes severe, it will be slow to cure. As for the remedy, one should use a boiled decoction to treat the eruption, taken both internally and used for bathing. In some people this cures it; if it does not clear up, a skin-disease-eliminating medicine should be used to treat it.

Venereal Disease in Men

Venereal disease that arises in men occurs by two paths together. In one path a sore forms on the soft outer membranes; in the other path a sore forms on the soft inner membranes — this is called "inner discharge" (gonorrhea), because once it occurs pus constantly oozes out from within the urethra. Its symptoms appear similar to those of women who have venereal disease (to be discussed further on).

At first it causes strong pain within the urethra. When urinating there is much stinging, burning pain. It tends to bring on fever with aching all over the body, and inflamed, poisoned swelling in nearby areas — such as swelling at the groin glands, or swelling of the testicles and bladder...

135 — Department of Pharmacy

...of the bladder and so on, and this is why it causes pain in the lower abdomen and the perineum. Urination becomes frequent, passing only a little each time, dribbling out without ever feeling finished, with frequent pain. The more it is exposed to damp and cold, and the more it receives any jarring or shock, the more it flares up. Sometimes fresh blood also comes out of the urethra. Once this disease sets in, it saps the patient's strength, leaving him thin and pale. If left untreated, this disease will worsen and spread further upward in the body. This disease is difficult to cure.

As for the medicines used to treat this disease, there are countless different kinds. They are advertised for sale throughout the marketplace, both Thai medicines and Western medicines (though for the most part they are Western medicines). As for my own medicine (the author's), I will present it further on when the opportunity arises.

Venereal Disease in Women

Venereal disease that occurs in women arises from repeated friction — that is, from receiving contact in excess of the normal degree, over and over, to the point that the body's natural mucus cannot form quickly enough. Because of this, irritation and injury occur at the soft membrane, causing abrasion and bruising...

Rt. Sub-Lt. Khun Yothaphithak — 136

...or a sore forms within the passage. Afterward that sore spreads worse each time. There is inflamed swelling, redness, stinging, burning pain, with yellow pus constantly oozing out. If this pus is left to fester there for a long time, it grows ever more virulent, and the infection spreads further and further within that organ of intercourse. Afterward the infection reaches the womb, which is the internal female organ, causing the womb itself to ulcerate; or sometimes the pus, carrying the virulent contagion, flows out and damages the rim or base of the external organ. Once this has happened, pain and suffering appear on the outside as well: internally it festers as far as the womb, and spreads outward as far as the exterior, with a white mucus-like discharge constantly oozing out resembling phlegm. When these symptoms appear, the inflammation then spreads to the bladder, causing pain at the pubis, making the patient urinate frequently without ever feeling finished, dribbling with constant stinging pain. The remedy is the same as for men.

Following this, an explanation will be given of the methods for the care of pregnancy and of how to conduct the body during pregnancy, so that women in general may practice self-care to guard against the various dangerous illnesses that arise —4—

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...arising from pregnancy. Seeing that bodily self-care is of great benefit in most cases, [the author] has therefore made an effort to gather this together and set it down here as well.

Bodily Conduct During Pregnancy

As for a pregnant woman, in the ordinary course of things there is always some misfortune — that is, various illnesses — constantly troubling and disturbing her, so that she does not enjoy happiness at all times.

For this reason skilled physicians have composed manuals on the care of pregnancy and the tending of the body during pregnancy, so that women in general may follow them, and so that each may be free of the various dangerous illnesses that may arise for her individually, as will be explained further below. This too is one of the teachings recommended by skilled physicians.

Bodily Conduct

for a pregnant woman is as follows:

1. During the time she is pregnant, it is essential that the body have very pure air, and that impure elements be expelled through the breath as much as possible. A pregnant woman should therefore choose to live in a place where the air is as pure as possible. Places where the air is not pure (that is, places that are unclean, with a strong foul smell, or...

Rt. Sub-Lt. Khun Yothaphithak — 138

...cramped and confined, such as a small hut, for example) — such places, if there is any chance of avoiding them, should be avoided at once.

2. She must not go and mix in places crowded densely with people, or enter assemblies of people held in a confined space, because there is not enough air.

3. She must not travel far by train, or by any other vehicle for that matter. If there is much jolting and shaking, she likewise must not ride in it. Heavy work requiring much exertion should also be avoided to some extent; when it is not truly necessary, it should not be done at all.

4. She should not stay shut up indoors all day. Morning and evening she should go out walking to get a change of air (but should not walk too far, as this will cause too much fatigue).

5. During the daytime she should not sleep too much (some women, once pregnant, like to sleep a great deal). She should attend to household duties to some reasonable extent (but the tasks done must be chosen to be only light work).

6. As for food to be eaten, one should choose only food that is wholesome and easily digested. Fermented or pickled food, and food that is very hot and spicy, should not be eaten. Some women, once pregnant...

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...like to eat all sorts of odd snacks constantly, at no fixed times, and eat more than usual as well.

Some, by contrast, can barely eat at all; when they eat too much they vomit it all back up. Some physicians hold that whatever a pregnant woman craves to eat, she should be allowed to have, as this will be beneficial. If she is forbidden and not allowed to satisfy her craving, she will feel very unwell, because pregnant women are prone to disorders of the nerves, which, once they arise, tend to leave her irritable and ill at ease.

7. Strongly brewed tea or coffee should not be drunk. Likewise, anything mixed with alcohol or liquor, and anything intoxicating, should also not be consumed.

8. Care must be taken to prevent constipation; the bowels should be kept moving regularly with a mild laxative as appropriate.

9. The skin must be kept clean; one should bathe often with soap and dry the body thoroughly afterward. One should not wear damp clothing, and the body must not be allowed to stay moist. The birth passage must be kept clean (it is best to wash it regularly with warm water).

10. Clothing worn daily must be washed clean regularly; it must not be left to grow soiled until it smells foul. One should not wear clothing or cloth that binds the body too tightly. Only loose clothing that is easy to remove should be worn. Both the chest and the abdomen must have covering...

Rt. Sub-Lt. Khun Yothaphithak — 140

...to keep them warm at all times (but do not use anything that binds tightly). The breasts too must be kept clean in the same way (it is best to use a clean cloth dipped in warm water and wipe them every day).

11. Leucorrhea tends to arise easily and frequently. One must regularly use a wash for the birth passage (this wash may be made with vinegar/citrus water or with lead-sugar water, but it must be used very diluted — that is, one coffee-spoon of the solution diluted with about two coffee-spoons of warm water — or an alkaline water or a permanganate solution may be used instead).

12. The governing of the body's functions, which is related to the nerves and the brain, tends to become disturbed in various ways in a pregnant woman, making her feel unsettled and unwell.

For this reason it is the husband's duty to know how to cherish and preserve his wife's peace of mind, keeping her free from any disturbance or irritation of whatever kind. Whatever might cause shock or alarm, or cause fright, or anything hateful or frightening, must be guarded against so that she does not encounter it. As for entertainments and dances of various kinds, such as stage plays, she should not go to watch them, because the plays performed are things that excite the heart even more than other things. Sometimes they...

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...perform stories of grief and sorrow, and sometimes stories that are frightening and terrifying; for this reason she must be forbidden to go and watch them.

13. Marital relations with her husband must be forbidden during the period when the pregnancy is newly established, for one month or more, in order to protect the external organs from injury, and to prevent any condition that might lead to miscarriage.

As for these 13 rules of conduct described above, every pregnant woman should follow them, so that she may obtain happiness and comfort for herself.

Following this, recipes for medicines to treat various ailments according to the ancient tradition will be given — or what in the present day is called "the Department of Pharmacy" — so that they may be known for the treatment of illnesses that may arise. There are medicines for children and medicines for adults, as well as medicines for various skin ailments and medicines for many other illnesses besides. Please choose and use them as you see fit.

Rt. Sub-Lt. Khun Yothaphithak — 142

Medicine for Children

"Chakkanarai Divides the Realm" [name of the formula]

Take: dwarf palm root 1 part, black palm 1 part, thorn palm 1 part, stolen-palm fruit 1 part, small sandalwood 1 part, white sandalwood 1 part, nutmeg 1 part, khrai-khruea root 1 part, phitsanak root 1 part.

Take equal amounts of all these ingredients, pound into a powder, and form into sticks. But when it comes time to grind it for use, add snake bile and grind it in as well. Taken to cure body heat/fever; at midday grind it with flower-water, in the evening grind it with fragrant sandalwood-water. If a purgative effect is wanted, take half of that medicine, add an equal amount of sawat leaf, mix together, grind into sticks, and when taken dissolve it in liquor. This formula cures tan-sang and tan-khamoi (infant convulsive diseases) — it is exceedingly effective.

Sommit Kuman Medicine

Take: musk-deer musk 1 part, civet musk 1 part, camphor 1 part, Chiang costus root 1 part, lotus-head costus root 1 part, nutmeg fruit 1 part, mace 1 part, cardamom fruit 1 part, clove 1 part, red sandalwood 1 part, white sandalwood 1 part, eaglewood 1 part, kralamphak wood 1 part, khon-dok wood 1 part, fragrant vetiver root 1 part, all-five candle-seeds 1 part, amber flower 1 part, porcupine bezoar 1 part, tri-kratuk 1 part,

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chaplu (seven-fire-root) 1 part, nutgrass tuber 1 part, fragrant galangal 1 part, foreign cinnamon 1 part, chuk-rohini 1 part, nerapusi fern 1 part, neem leaf 1 part, pimsen leaf 1 part, safflower 1 part, sarapee flower 1 part, bullet-wood flower 1 part, bunnak stamen 1 part, champak flower 1 part, jasmine flower 1 part, buapheuan lotus stamen 1 part, bitter-lotus stamen 1 part, lonchong stamen 1 part, satabut stamen 1 part, changkolanee lotus stamen 1 part, chalut bark 1 part, python bile 1 part, bee (honey/wax) 1 part.

These 47 ingredients are taken in equal parts, pounded into powder, then ground and formed into sticks. When it is to be taken, use flower-water as the vehicle. It cures fevers of all three seasons, and cures every kind of tan-sang and tan-khamoi disease — it truly cures, for it has been used to treat many cases already.

Saeng Phra Chan ("Moonlight") Medicine

Take: krung-khema root 1 part, costus root 1 part, gall-nut 1 part, both kinds of nerapusi fern 1 part, both kinds of sandalwood 1 part, khrai-khruea root 1 part, bitter tamarind bark 1 part, lac 1 part, krabun fruit 1 part, mak-luea (ebony) bark 1 part, neem leaf 1 part, tri-kratuk 1 part, tinospora stem 1 part, seed from within a sakae pod 1 part, hang-kai bark 1 part, both kinds of opium-poppy husk 1 part, young pomegranate fruit 1 part, dried/roasted garlic 1 part.

These 23 ingredients in total are taken in equal parts, pounded into a powder,

Rt. Sub-Lt. Khun Yothaphithak — 144

...then ground and formed into sticks. When it is time to grind it, soak python bile in water and use it as the grinding liquid. When taken, dissolve it in liquor with water. It cures tan-sang and tan-jorn diseases that cause griping and colicky pain, and putrid blood, and also loss of appetite. This formula can cure all of these conditions.

Hing-khu-wacha Medicine

Take: tri-kratuk 1 part, asafoetida 1 part, nerapusi fern 1 part, nutmeg fruit 1 part, mace 1 part, cardamom fruit 1 part, clove 1 part, costus root 1 part, khema costus root 1 part, black candle-seed 1 part, white candle-seed 1 part, white sandalwood 1 part, red sandalwood 1 part, gall-nut fruit 1 part (14 ingredients in total) — take 2 salueng weight of each; garlic 1 part, sawat leaf 1 part, candle-plant leaf 1 part, phak-khrat leaf 1 part, holy basil leaf 1 part, kaphang-hom leaf 1 part, samee leaf 1 part, wild-ginger leaf 1 part, cassumunar ginger 1 part, shallot 1 part, turmeric-oi 1 part (11 ingredients in total) — take 2 phai weight of each.

29 ingredients in total: pound into a powder, then use liquor as the grinding liquid, grind and form into sticks. Dissolve in liquor and take regularly to protect the stomach, to prevent tan disease from taking poisonous effect, and to cure tan disease that consumes the liver, whether it causes fresh blood to be passed, or eruptions on the anus or urethra, or in the mouth, throat, or on the tongue, or causes excessive thirst with drowsy stupor. This formula can cure every one of these conditions.

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Swab Medicine for Convulsive Tan Disease

Take: cuttlebone 1 part, sea-crab claw 1 part, pigeon droppings 1 part, cockroach droppings 1 part, borax 1 part — these 5 ingredients in equal amounts — and add 7 slices of kaffir-lime peel, 7 slices of ginger, and 7 pieces of long pepper.

Roast all these ingredients over a fire until thoroughly charred, then grind with betel-water and form into sticks. When it is to be used, rub it with flower-water and swab the child's mouth with it — it is an exceptionally good remedy for convulsive tan disease.

Another formula: take the eye-feather of a peacock, pound and grind it with lime juice, then use it as a swab — this cures convulsive tan disease equally well.

Medicine for Worms/Parasites

Take one kaffir lime (scoop out and discard the pulp inside, keeping only the rind); take shavings from a ladder rung, shavings from a house beam, shavings from a kitchen wall-slat, and a stick used for grilling fish; put these into the kaffir-lime rind and burn it in the fire until it becomes charcoal. Then take 7 peppercorns and 3 cloves of garlic, along with cassumunar ginger and asafoetida, grind them all together, dissolve in liquor, and apply to the crown of the head, the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, or the body. When a child is seen to have a bluish body and an arched back, know that the child has worms; use this medicine to treat it, and it will be cured at once.

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 139

Boiled remedy for tan-sang fever

Take: the three myrobalans 1 part, white sandalwood 1, root of red khi-ka 1, licorice 1, sarapi flower 1, fragrant vetiver root 1, koet-chulalampha 1, koet-phung-pla 1, tan-mon root 1, tan-chor root 1 — these 12 ingredients, take 2 salueng weight of each; rachaphruek leaf, 3 leaves; calcined borax (nam prasan thong sato), 2 hun. Boil and take morning and evening; it cures tan-sang fever.

Boiled remedy for tan-khamoi

Take: tan-khamoi root 1, tan-sian 1, red fish-bone plant (kang pla daeng) 1, sakae root 1, sanun bark 1, lep-mue-nang root 1. Take these ingredients in equal parts, boil down to one-third of the volume; it cures tan-khamoi, cures the passing of mucus and blood, or dysentery — boil and give to drink, and it heals.

Another formula: take krung-khema 1, kadom fruit 1, nut-grass tuber 1, and both sandalwoods — these 3 ingredients, take 1 baht weight of each; ginger, boraphet, and turmeric-cane, 8 slices of each; black pepper 2 seeds; long pepper 7 pieces; kaphangohom root 1 handful. Boil and drink; it cures tan-khamoi and heals.

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Digestive remedy for the infant's constitution

Take: black tan 1, tan-khamoi 1, san-phra-nang-ae bark 1, turmeric-cane 1, ya-tai-bai leaf 1, cassumunar ginger tuber 1, thian-yao-phani 1, takhop bark 1, calcined borax 1, alum 1, both sandalwoods 1 — this recipe in equal parts; take holy basil leaf in an amount equal to all the other ingredients combined. Grind and roll into pellets; dissolve in liquor and take regularly to keep the four bodily elements normal (to be given from birth onward).

Remedies for various fevers

#### Elaborate green medicine

Take: male star-gooseberry (mayom) leaf 1, jujube leaf 1, fenced water-spinach leaf 1, round-leaved thong-lang leaf 1, Thai mushroom-cluster leaf 1, foreign mushroom-cluster leaf 1, ra-ngap leaf 1, thong-sam-yan leaf 1, aloe-vera plant 1, female tamlueng leaf 1, water-spinach leaf 1, red khi-ka leaf 1, kaffir-lime leaf 1, lime leaf 1, ma-ngua leaf 1, som-sa leaf 1, phak-khuang 1, both kum leaves 1, black pepper 1, ginger 1, greater galangal 1, cassumunar ginger 1, turmeric-cane 1, shallot 1, garlic 1, long pepper 1, lime 1, wan-klip-raet 1, wan-ron-thong 1

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 139

Boiled remedy for tan-sang fever

Take: the three myrobalans 1 part, white sandalwood 1, root of red khi-ka 1, licorice 1, sarapi flower 1, fragrant vetiver root 1, koet-chulalampha 1, koet-phung-pla 1, tan-mon root 1, tan-chor root 1 — these 12 ingredients, take 2 salueng weight of each; rachaphruek leaf, 3 leaves; calcined borax (nam prasan thong sato), 2 hun. Boil and take morning and evening; it cures tan-sang fever.

Boiled remedy for tan-khamoi

Take: tan-khamoi root 1, tan-sian 1, red fish-bone plant (kang pla daeng) 1, sakae root 1, sanun bark 1, lep-mue-nang root 1. Take these ingredients in equal parts, boil down to one-third of the volume; it cures tan-khamoi, cures the passing of mucus and blood, or dysentery — boil and give to drink, and it heals.

Another formula: take krung-khema 1, kadom fruit 1, nut-grass tuber 1, and both sandalwoods — these 3 ingredients, take 1 baht weight of each; ginger, boraphet, and turmeric-cane, 8 slices of each; black pepper 2 seeds; long pepper 7 pieces; kaphangohom root 1 handful. Boil and drink; it cures tan-khamoi and heals.

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Digestive remedy for the infant's constitution

Take: black tan 1, tan-khamoi 1, san-phra-nang-ae bark 1, turmeric-cane 1, ya-tai-bai leaf 1, cassumunar ginger tuber 1, thian-yao-phani 1, takhop bark 1, calcined borax 1, alum 1, both sandalwoods 1 — this recipe in equal parts; take holy basil leaf in an amount equal to all the other ingredients combined. Grind and roll into pellets; dissolve in liquor and take regularly to keep the four bodily elements normal (to be given from birth onward).

Remedies for various fevers

#### Elaborate green medicine

Take: male star-gooseberry (mayom) leaf 1, jujube leaf 1, fenced water-spinach leaf 1, round-leaved thong-lang leaf 1, Thai mushroom-cluster leaf 1, foreign mushroom-cluster leaf 1, ra-ngap leaf 1, thong-sam-yan leaf 1, aloe-vera plant 1, female tamlueng leaf 1, water-spinach leaf 1, red khi-ka leaf 1, kaffir-lime leaf 1, lime leaf 1, ma-ngua leaf 1, som-sa leaf 1, phak-khuang 1, both kum leaves 1, black pepper 1, ginger 1, greater galangal 1, cassumunar ginger 1, turmeric-cane 1, shallot 1, garlic 1, long pepper 1, lime 1, wan-klip-raet 1, wan-ron-thong 1

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R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 141

Combine all 31 ingredients above in equal parts, grind and roll into sticks; use red-sandalwood water as the vehicle. It cures all manner of fevers, cures madness, cures spirit possession, and serves as a remedy that contains poison. Dissolved in liquor with reticulated-python bile mixed in, it heals pain or swelling anywhere on the body when rubbed on with liquor.

To cure fainting, dissolve in flower-water, both to drink and to spray.

To cure wheezing and asthma, dissolve in som-sa water or in citrus-leaf water and take often; it heals.

Great-virtue green medicine

Take: boraphet, both leaf and vine, 1; khi-ka, both leaf and root, 1; phak-khrat root 1; all five parts of the ghost-cockscomb plant 1; cat's-whiskers herb 1; songbadan root 1; ya-pak-khwai grass 1; mayom leaf 1; maka leaf 1; ma-fueang leaf 1; rachaphruek leaf 3; amber 1; si-huat-noi 1; phung-kho root 1; passion-vine root 1; ya-nang root 1; kho-khlan 1; both kinds of khao-yen medicine 1; both kinds of tan 1; phung-kae 1; all five benja ingredients 1; hibiscus leaf 1; phikun bark 1; lamkhuan bark 1; khi-lek heartwood 1; sak heartwood 1; teak leaf 1; mahat bark 1; prakhu heartwood 1; samesan heartwood 1; pru heartwood 1; pine heartwood 1; sweet-flag rhizome 1; phak-khet 1; phak-krit 1; mueat-khon 1; foi-som 1; the three myrobalans 1; shallot 1; garlic 1

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Ginger 1, chili 1, greater galangal 1, cassumunar ginger 1, fingerroot 1, nutmeg 1, cardamom pod 1, clove 1, long pepper 1, koet-chulalampha 1, koet-chema 1, black cumin-seed 1, white cumin-seed 1, white sandalwood 1, red sandalwood 1, eaglewood 1, kalamphak 1, bunnak flower 1, sarapi flower 1, phikun flower 1, lotus stamen 1, blue lotus 1, bitter lotus 1, sattabut lotus 1, mature betel leaf 1, reticulated-python bile 1, turtle bile 1, crocodile bile 1, wild-boar bile 1, crow bile 1, vulture bile 1, gar-fish bile 1, monitor-lizard bile 1, cattle bile 1, albino-buffalo bile 1, honey 1.

Take these ingredients at ten salueng weight of each; grind all the biles together and roll into sticks; it can be used to cure 108 kinds of fever.

Whoever can prepare this medicine need not fear anything at all — many have already witnessed its virtues. (The owner of this text-book has valued the recipe at one thousand tamlueng of gold.)

Great-verse green medicine

Take: male [tree's] leaf 1, female [tree's] leaf 1, ma-fueang leaf 1, mayom leaf 1, ra-ngap leaf 1, silver-plant leaf 1, gold-plant leaf 1, pigeon-pea leaf 1, thua-paep leaf 1, bitter-gourd leaf 1, boraphet leaf 1, ya-nang leaf 1, sami leaf 1, phak-khet leaf 1, phimsen leaf 1, phak-khao leaf 1

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 143

Hibiscus leaf 1, turmeric-cane leaf 1, prao 1, thao-hua-duan vine 1, both sandalwoods 1, khu-ka root 1, phetnak 1, khrai-khruea root 1, wan-klip-raet 1, rattan of the khaka type 1, all five candle-seeds 1, all five koet ingredients 1.

Take these ingredients in equal amounts, grind and roll into sticks; dissolve in flower-water or rice-rinse water. Taking it cures phi-dat (smallpox) fever most effectively.

Green medicine of Phra Indra

Take: thaeng-thuai leaf 1, phak-khet leaf 1, red trumpet-flower leaf 1, pigeon-pea leaf 1, home phak-wan leaf 1, sami leaf 1, turmeric-cane 1, saltpetre 1.

Take these ingredients in suitable amount (one baht weight of each works well); grind and roll into sticks. It cures fever from phlegm, tan-sang fever, phi-dat fever, and juk-kan fever; it cures both heat and chill — take with rice-rinse water and it heals.

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Sattakhan green medicine

Take: ma-fueang leaf 1, mayom leaf 1, boraphet leaf 1, ching-cha-chali leaf 1, chiang-phra-mon leaf 1, round-leaved thong-lang leaf 1, turmeric-cane 1.

Take these ingredients at 1 baht weight each; grind and roll into sticks. Dissolve in rice-rinse water, or in urine — either will do. Taking it cures kan fever and thirst-fever very well.

Hongsa green medicine

Take: lotus root 1, bitter-lotus tuber 1, cogon-grass root 1, hog-plum root 1, khla root 1, banana-shoot root 1, sa-niat leaf 1, ma-la leaf 1, fragrant san-phra leaf 1, phimsen leaf 1, ivy-gourd leaf 1, fragrant loofah leaf 1, phai leaf 1, phak-khao leaf 1, water-fern leaf 1, bamboo leaf and root 1, ivy-gourd root and tuber 1, thong-sam-yan leaf 1, krayom root 1, phisanat leaf 1, khrai-khruea root 1, ueang-chang orchid 1, both sandalwoods 1, soap-nut fruit 1, root and stem of lamphong-ka-salak 1, aloe-vera plant 1.

Take these ingredients in equal parts, pound to a powder, grind and roll into sticks; use to cure internal heat, and it heals.

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 145

Kiao-praeh ("changing") green medicine

Take: both kinds of kum 1, male mayom leaf 1, Thai senna leaf 1, thong-phan-chang leaf 1, round-leaved thong-lang leaf 1, ra-ngap leaf 1, male and female ivy-gourd leaf 1, phak-khuang leaf 1, jujube leaf 1, kaffir-lime leaf 1, ma-fueang leaf 1, khat-mon leaf 1 — take these 13 ingredients in equal amounts; radish seed 1, the three-pungent trikatuk mixture 1, turmeric-cane 1, cassumunar ginger 1, garlic 1, wan-klip-raet 1, wan-ron-thang 1, both sandalwoods 1 — take these 9 ingredients in equal amounts (but half as much as each of the 13 ingredients above; that is, if each of the 13 above is taken at 1 baht weight, each of these final 9 must be taken at 2 salueng weight); and black-pepper husk equal to all the other ingredients combined.

Pound this preparation into a powder, then use flower-water or jasmine-water as the vehicle; grind and roll into pellets or sticks for use. It cures many different conditions merely by changing the vehicle-water: to cure fainting, take with flower-water; to cure choking spasms and vomiting, take with honey-water; to cure griping pain, take with ginger-water; to cure asthma, take with tea-water or citrus-water frequently; or to cure tan-sang fever, take with liquor. To cure diarrhea, take with the water of khae flowers and wild-fig; it also cures a dry throat.

—10—

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...take with tamarind water mixed with salt. To cure sprains or stiffness anywhere in the body, dissolve the medicine in liquor and rub it on the painful, stiff spot; it heals.

Green all-purpose remedy

Take: ginger 1, galangal 1, long pepper 1, cassumunar ginger 1, greater galangal 1, fingerroot 1, shallot 1, garlic 1, alum 1, jing-jo leaf 1, red purslane leaf 1, Thai senna leaf 1, opium-poppy leaf 1, glory-lily tuber 1, turmeric-cane 1, salt 1.

Take these 16 ingredients at 1 baht weight each; pound into a powder, steep and dissolve in lime-juice for about 3 or 7 days, then grind and roll into sticks. Use to cure dysentery with passage of mucus and blood, and it is very good for curing griping pain.

Benja-khan green medicine

Take: kachom vegetable, 4 baht weight; thong-phan-chang leaf, 8 baht weight; phimsen leaf, 12 baht weight; red phai leaf, 16 baht weight; ya-tai-bai leaf, 12 baht weight.

Grind these 5 ingredients and form into sticks; it cures all manner of poison-fevers and tan-khamoi. To cure fever from poison or from spirit affliction, dissolve it in liquor and drink; and if...

R.O. Khun Yothaphithak 147

...if the fever does not yet break, change the vehicle to water of wild-fig bark rubbed with salt. If there is griping pain, dissolve it in kum-water or moringa-water; taking it also cures dysentery with aching, griping pain.

Nao-wakhan green medicine

Take: lotus root 1, water-fern 1, kachom vegetable 1, hom-hin vegetable 1, phimsen leaf 1, thong-phan-chang leaf 1, thorn-apple leaf 1, red phai leaf 1, bael leaf 1.

Take these 9 ingredients in equal amounts, form into sticks; it cures sannibat fever and "northern" fever accompanied by delirium and restlessness — dissolve and take with hot water, flower-water, or rice-rinse water. If there is vomiting, dissolve and take with noni-fruit water. If there is diarrhea, take with water of both sandalwoods. If there is painful urination, use shallot-water with alum; or to cure a black-spotted, stiffened tongue and locked jaw, use khaka-rattan together with reticulated-python bone, boiled to make the vehicle. To cure thirst, use lotus-root water. To cure bloating and flatulence, use bael-fruit water as the vehicle and drink; it heals.

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Great green medicine

This preparation cures sannibat fever, raksat fever, and i-dam-i-daeng fever; use rice-rinse water as the vehicle, and it may also be dissolved and taken with liquor to cure phi-dat (smallpox) fever.

Take: khao-muak vine, black-root grass, both si-huat, both plao, both nom-maeo, both turtle-liver plants, krathung-lai, phaya-ba, passion-vine, pu-chao-pu-kae, ratchadat, song-maeo-khwai, nam-jai-khlai, ya-rak-khao, root of both tum-ka-nang grasses, saen-prasa-sura, mrit-rak-thao-yai-mom, ngon-mu root, khu-ka root, khrai-khruea root, phisanat, sang-pla-lai-phueak, khao-fai vine, mu-plong, chet-taphangkhi, long pepper, both sandalwoods, khao-hai root, hang-nok-kaling, both khui, khao-kha-samun-waeng, khat-mon grass, maha-sadam, wan-klip-raet, wan-ron-thong, nera-phusi, benkani nut-gall, deer antler, ox horn, water-buffalo horn, rhinoceros horn.

Combine all 45 ingredients in equal parts, pound into a powder and form into sticks; it can be used to cure 108 kinds of ailment. (This medicine should only be compounded at a shop one can trust.)

[Running header: Capt. Khun Yotha Phithak — page 158]

Ya Leuang Fa Khrop (Sky-Covering Yellow Medicine)

Take kathue 1, krachai (fingerroot) 1, kha (galangal) 1, yellow sulphur 1 — these four ingredients taken at 2 salueng weight each; red sulphur 1 baht weight; saltpeter 1 baht weight; alum, shallot bulb, sweet flag, the three pungent fruits (tri-kantuk), lime seed, climbing-lily tuber (dong-dueng), rayom root, phitsanat root, khrai-khruea, first-petal wan (wan-klip-raek), wan ron thong, and turmeric-cane — 12 ingredients in all, taken at 2 salueng weight each; garlic bulb 3 salueng weight; plai, taken in an amount equal to all the other medicines combined.

All the ingredients of this formula are pounded into a powder, then ground with liquor and made into sticks. It is used to cure taan-sai fever and hot fevers accompanied by phlegm irritation and nosebleed — it works very well.

Ya Hom Kae Phit Khai (Fragrant Medicine to Cure Fever-Poison)

Take khrai-khruea root 1 baht weight; borax (nam prasan thong) 3 salueng weight; both sandalwoods 2 salueng weight each; foreign licorice 1 baht weight; kot so, kot chiang, kot khema, kot kan phrao, kot kaduk, and koet chulalampha — all six kot roots taken 1 salueng weight each; Chiang turmeric 1 fueang weight; agarwood, kalampak, and samun-waeng — these three taken 1 salueng weight each.

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All these medicines are ground with flower-water and made into sticks for drawing out the poison of every kind of fever, taken both by mouth and applied externally as a wash. If it is a 'northern fever', dissolve it in Thai-myrobalan water and both drink and spray it. If the body is very hot, dissolve it in Thai-senna water and both drink and apply as a wash. To induce vomiting, dissolve it in the water of fire-roasted noni fruit, or in kra-phang-hom water. If there is faintness, dissolve it in the water of both sandalwoods, both drinking and applying as a wash — it cures.

Ya Leuang Yai (Great Yellow Medicine)

Take: the three pungent fruits (tri-kantuk) 1, galangal 1, kathue 1, krachai 1, garlic 1, plai 1, shallot 1, turmeric-cane 1, sweet flag 1, kaffir-lime peel 1, lime peel 1, som-sa citrus peel 1, turmeric 1, kamlang-wua-thaloeng 1, mathrang bark 1, rong thong (gamboge) 1, ya-dam (aloe) 1, camphor 1, asafoetida (mahahing) 1, saltpeter 1, alum 1, lime seed 1, red sulphur 1, khanthasakon 1.

In all, 24 ingredients, taken at 1 baht weight each, except that the gamboge is taken at 2 salueng weight. Use lime juice as the grinding vehicle; grind and form into sticks. Rub down with water and drink to destroy the poison of every kind of spirit-affliction, including phi-kan (a plague-spirit affliction) — it can also be used swabbed on for taan (childhood wasting-sickness), but python bile must be added, or...

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...it also cures taan-khamoi (thieving wasting-sickness), poisoning by malevolent spirits, and dysentery-taan that girdles the liver — dissolved in liquor and drunk it cures, or drink it to cure poison arising from hemorrhoids or from mong-khro (chronic phlegm/chest obstruction).

Ya Leuang Kae Khai Thang Puang (Yellow Medicine Curing All Fevers)

Take: kot hua bua 1, kot chulalampha 1, kot khema 1, kot phung pla 1, kot kan phrao 1, samun-waeng 1 (these six ingredients taken at 2 salueng weight each); Siamese musk (chamot chiang) 1 salueng weight; camphor-borneol (phimsen) 1 salueng weight.

This formula is pounded into a powder, then ground and formed into sticks. At the time of grinding, use flower-water mixed with khrai-khruea equal to a peppercorn's worth as the grinding vehicle. It cures taan-sai fever. If there is heat, dissolve it in boiled Thai-senna water. If it is sannibat fever (a combined-humour fever), dissolve it in coconut water; if taan-sores appear on the tongue, dissolve it in holy-basil-leaf water, or plain water will do. If it is a fever, dissolve it in boiled myrobalan water. If there is faintness, dissolve it in sandalwood water. To stop vomiting, dissolve it in fire-roasted noni-fruit water, or boiled lotus-seed water will do. To bring on flatulence, use kaphome-vegetable water together with a suitable amount of parched rice-husk salt. To cure taan-sores rising in the throat, use turmeric-cane water, or the water of makam-khruea root. To cure breathlessness, dissolve it in shallot water mixed with nutmeg; or for passing bloody mucus, use it dissolved...

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...or wild-spider-flower water, or krathuem water will also do. If there are boils, change and dissolve it in neem water instead. To cure taan, dissolve it in the water of boiled young myrobalan fruit mixed with camphor-borneol. To cure taan-khamoi, use mulberry-sugar water or Thai-senna water, or turmeric-cane as the vehicle. For diarrhea, use kum-bark water together with parched rice-husk salt. If it does not clear up, dissolve it in holy-basil water; or for sannibat fever running from the first stage right through to the 'triple-affliction' stage, dissolve it in holy-basil water and take it. Or for fever caused by phlegm, nosebleed, chest pain, insomnia, or in a pregnant woman, take yaa-tin-nok grass 1, ra-phet leaf 1, chan-chamot 1; boil, dissolve the medicine in it, and drink. If delirious, use yaa-tin-nok grass together with nutgrass tuber and boiled phak-kahom-hin root, dissolved in water and drunk. To stop sweating, boiled chomphu-root, dissolved, may also be drunk.

This formula ought to be kept always on hand in the household, never allowed to run out, for it has many powerful virtues (I have seen its efficacy myself).

Ya Leuang Thaeng Thong (Golden-Bar Yellow Medicine)

Take: kot so 1, kot khema 1, kot kan phrao 1, kot phung pla 1, kot chulalampha 1, kot chiang 1, kot kraduk 1...

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kot hua bua 1, tian yaowaphani 1, white tian-seed 1, unhusked-rice tian-seed 1, black tian-seed 1, red tian-seed 1, foreign cinnamon 1, black myrobalan 1, 'snake-bile' myrobalan 1, beleric myrobalan 1, Indian gooseberry (amla) 1, holy-basil leaf 1, khrai-khruea root 1, sam-som (triple citrus) 1, borax 1, nutmeg seed 1, mace 1, cardamom 1, clove 1, Thai licorice 1, foreign licorice 1.

In all, these 29 ingredients are pounded into a powder, then ground and formed into sticks (taking equal weight of each). Use it to cure taan-sai or taan-khamoi; use liquor or boiled water as the vehicle, or it may cure sanibat/samprachuan fevers. Dissolve it in golden-shower-tree (ratchaphruek) leaf-water together with a suitable amount of camphor-borneol. One should make it for use — it is most excellent indeed.

Ya Leuang Klang (Middle Yellow Medicine)

Take: turmeric-cane 1, kathue 1, plai 1, galangal 1, krachai 1, peppercorn husk 1, ginger 1, moringa bark 1, ra-ngap leaf 1, gourd leaf 1, all five tian-seeds 1, nutmeg seed 1, cardamom 1, clove 1 (these ingredients each taken at 1 baht weight); saltpeter 3 salueng weight; red sulphur 3 salueng weight; Siamese musk 4 baht weight; camphor-borneol 1 fueang weight.

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This formula is pounded into a powder, then ground and formed into sticks. Dissolve it in boiled water and take it — it excellently cures every kind of intestinal parasite.

Ya Leuang Noi (Small Yellow Medicine)

Take: turmeric-cane 1 baht weight, ginger 1 baht weight, saltpeter 1 baht weight, alum 2 salueng weight.

This formula is pounded into a powder and dissolved in liquor to be taken, curing various taan afflictions such as taan-dam (black taan) and taan-daeng (red taan). If it is to be used against la-ong phra bat (a pox-like skin ailment), add borax as one further ingredient, and both kinds of sulphur as another (taking equal amounts), pounding them into the powder as well; dissolve in liquor and take — it cures.

Various Blood-Tonic Medicines

Fragrant Medicine for Various Blood Disorders

Take: phimsen leaf 1, sanphrahom leaf 1, prohom (fragrant zedoary) 1 — these taken in equal proportion; red sandalwood taken equal to all the other medicines combined.

All these ingredients are pounded into a powder. At the time of taking it, add: wild-pig bile 1, python bile 1, wild-cattle bile 1, camphor-borneol 1; grind together with the medicine and take it — it cures various severe poisonings.

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...arising from blood are very well cured by it.

Ya Bamrung Lohit (Blood-Tonic Medicine)

Take: red purslane 1 chang weight; foreign bile-salt (Glauber's salt) 1 chang weight; saltpeter 4 tamlueng weight; alum 1 tamlueng weight; kaffir lime 33 fruits. Peel the kaffir limes and boil the peel together with the red purslane, then strain the liquid into the medicine; also squeeze the kaffir limes and add the juice, mixing it with the saltpeter, bile-salt, and alum. Store it and take it to nourish the blood and give it a healthy colour, and it also cures kasai (a wasting disorder).

Ya Kae Phit Lohit Nai Ruean Fai (Medicine for Blood-Poisoning in the Post-Partum 'Fire Chamber')

Take: pepper 1, dried ginger 1, alum 1, long pepper 1, saltpeter 1, camphor 1 (these six ingredients taken 6 salueng weight each); fragrant zedoary 1, sweet flag 1, kaffir-lime peel 1, both kinds of sea-mangrove bark 1, tian-seed 1, plai 1 (these seven ingredients taken 1 baht weight each); wan-nang-kham (yellow rhizome) 10 baht weight.

All 14 of these ingredients are pounded into a powder. Dissolve it in liquor or hot water, and take it to cure blood-poisoning within the confinement 'fire-chamber' period, and to cure...

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...it is also good for leucorrhea (mutkit) or painful urination; it also serves as a medicine to expel lochia and to expel blood [after childbirth] (this should be kept prepared in every household).

Ya Kae Ying Tok Lohit (Medicine for Women's Blood Loss)

Take: the five saniat herbs 1, fragrant flower-bud 1, garlic-clove bud 1, phluang leaf 1, sappan heartwood 1 (in all 9 ingredients here, each taken 1 baht weight); saltpeter 1 salueng weight.

All these ingredients together are boiled and taken to cure a pregnant woman's blood loss, or to cure fever caused by kasai (wasting disorder).

Ya Kae Khai Lohit Ti Khuen (Medicine for Fever with Blood Striking Upward)

Take: burnt stingray 1, garlic 1, pepper 1, ginger 1, alum 1, mercury 1. All 6 of these ingredients, taken in equal proportion, are pounded into a powder. Dissolve in liquor and take — it cures blood surging upward that causes convulsions and fainting; used after childbirth.

Ya Kae Lohit Haeng Krang (Medicine for Dried, Congealed Blood)

Take: sakhan 1, dong-dueng 1, sweet flag 1, asafoetida 1, ya-dam (aloe) 1, kot chulalampha 1, kot phung pla 1, kot so 1, ut-taphit tuber 1, foreign licorice 1, long pepper 1, sea-mangrove heartwood 1, pepper...

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...foreign [licorice] 1 (these ingredients taken in equal proportion); dry-roasted pepper, taken equal to the weight of all the other medicines combined.

This formula is pounded into a powder and dissolved in liquor, ginger-water, chet-mun-phloeng water, or hot water. It cures dry klon (a groin ailment), stabbing chest-pain from pharadueak (hardened stool masses), which often causes blood and wind to form into thao-dan (abdominal masses); pain throughout the whole body, tight abdominal cords, bloating, indigestion, and loss of appetite. These symptoms arise from a disease of phlegm and dried blood forming pharadueak masses low in the abdomen; when the body feels weak and enervated, and alternately flushes hot and cold — all this too stems from the blood. (It is well worth preparing and keeping for use — it cures the ailments described above very well.)

Ya Tom Ru Lohit Nao Rai Thang Puang (Boiled Medicine to Purge All Foul, Putrid Blood)

Take: rambutan-tree bark 1, male star-gooseberry bark 1, prayong-ba bark 1, mathrang-tree bark 1.

These ingredients, taken in equal proportion, are boiled down to one-third of the original volume, and taken to restore strength and cure various recurring fevers — it is very good indeed.

Ya Kae Kasai Thao Dan An Koet Chak Phit Lohit (for Women) [Medicine for Kasai Abdominal-Mass Disease Arising from Blood Poisoning]

Take: galangal-water 1 cup, plai-water 1 cup, ginger-water 1 cup, lime-water 1 cup, wild-spider-flower water 1 cup; then take pepper...

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...bark together with prepared long pepper; put it into a cup, then set it at the mouth of the rice-pot until it is hot. Then take an implement of virtue-bearing iron, heat it in fire until red, and plunge it into the liquid medicine, doing so 3 times; recite the sakkattawa incantation 3 rounds, then recite pupphangsa upatchati according to the day's strength. Take it to cure irregular or absent menstruation, and for when urination causes pain at the pubic region with no strength left; it also relieves stitches in the side, and sometimes tightness and fullness in the chest — this condition, if it continues, turns into a 'spirit in the womb', and sometimes turns into wind-lumps and wind-vines, which people call kasai thao dan (chronic wasting abdominal-mass disease). Whoever suffers from this illness should promptly take this medicine and will be cured at once.

Ya Prachu Lohit Nao Rai Tang Tang (Purgative Medicine for Various Kinds of Foul, Putrid Blood)

Take: borax 1, nutmeg fruit 1, mace 1, kot so 1, kot khema 1, coriander seed 1, dry-roasted pepper 1, dried ginger 1, jing-jo root 1, rock salt 1, roasted saba-vine seed 1, clove 1.

These ingredients are each taken 1 salueng weight; foreign myrobalan fruit 1 baht weight. Peel croton seeds and remove their kernels; then take the flesh of a young coconut, bury it in husk-ash embers overnight until dawn, then press it to squeeze out all the liquid. Combine this with the above medicine, pound into a powder, and dissolve it in honey-water, or...

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...or hot water. Take it to cure griping wind-colic, to cure rising blood, and to expel various kinds of foul blood — it works exceptionally well. (If the constitution is heavy/strong, the dose taken is 1 fueang weight.)

Ya Kae Lohit Doen Mai Sa-duak (Medicine for Sluggish Blood Circulation)

Take: sai-grass 1 handful, dry-roasted pepper 33 grains, garlic 3 bulbs, ginger 7 slices, long pepper 7 fruits.

This medicine is pounded into a powder, ground and dissolved in liquor, and taken — it cures sluggish blood circulation and cures hemorrhoids; it works.

Ya Phok Thong Khap Lohit (Poultice Medicine Applied to the Abdomen to Expel Blood)

Take: sweet flag 1, chet-mun-phloeng leaf 1, dry-roasted pepper 1, ginger 1, garlic 1, red derris root 1, son-thet 1, samsan heartwood 1.

These ingredients, taken in equal proportion, with galangal-water as the vehicle, are ground and applied as a poultice to the lower abdomen — the blood is expelled very smoothly and well.

Ya Tom Kae Lohit Nao Yu Nai Thawan (Boiled Medicine to Cure Putrid Blood in the Rectum)

Take: male star-gooseberry bark 1, mafai bark 1, sathon bark 1, tong-taek root 8, sea-almond leaf 1...

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These ingredients, taken in equal proportion, are boiled down to one-third; taken in a dose according to one's strength, it cures all manner of foul, putrid blood — it cures.

Ya Tom Chu Lohit (Boiled Medicine to Nourish the Blood)

Take: candle-bush leaf 1, orange-jasmine leaf 1, pomegranate leaf 1 — these three taken 1 handful each; kradangnga root 1, champa root 1 — these two taken 2 tamlueng weight each; galangal 1, krachai 1 — these two taken 1 tamlueng weight each; Chinese rice-straw 10 baht weight; champa flower 1, the three pungent fruits (tri-kantuk) 1 — these two taken according to the standard measure. Boil and take it to nourish the blood in ten respects — it is very good indeed.

Miscellaneous Medicines

Ya Kae Sai Lek (Medicine for 'Iron' Kasai Wasting-Disease)

Take: wild spider-flower 1, kra-meng leaf 1, yang-sai leaf 1, khonthi-so leaf 1, galangal 1, krachai 1, shallot 1, garlic 1, [a] root 1, dong-dueng 1, dry-roasted pepper 1, salt 1.

These 12 ingredients are pounded and [boiled in] water, 1 thanan of each; sesame oil 1 thanan; boil down to just the oil remaining, then add nutmeg 1...

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Five kinds of candle-nut 1, cloves 1 — take 1 salueng weight of each; camphor, 1 baht weight. Pound into a powder, mix into oil, then use it to rub and massage on the abdomen, and also take it internally. Excellent for curing iron-wasting disease [กระษัยเหล็ก]. (Those who have used it before have already seen its properties many times over.)

Medicine for wind-wasting-and-prolapse

Take: galanga root 1, ginger 1, chet-mun-phloeng root 1, galangal 1, fingerroot 1, chaphlu root 1, long pepper 1, cassumunar ginger 1, garlic 1, turmeric-oi 1. Take 1 salueng weight of each of these medicines, and pepper equal to the weight of all the others combined. Pound to a powder, use hot water as the vehicle, take in the evening — excellent for curing wind-wasting-and-prolapse.

Tonic to strengthen the bodily elements and increase appetite

Take: long pepper 1, chaphlu root 1, chet-mun-phloeng root 1, ginger 1, galanga root 1, nutgrass tuber 1, both kinds of sandalwood heartwood 1, kra-dong fruit 1, boraphet 1, young bael fruit 1, fragrant vetiver root 1, pine heartwood 1, chalut 1, cinnamon 1, samun-waeng 1.

—11—

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Take 1 baht weight of each of these medicines, together with the five kinds of pollen/stamens at 2 salueng weight each — this is a decoction that tonifies the bodily elements to normal and increases appetite. If a laxative effect is wanted, add the three myrobalans together with Indian gooseberry, 1 baht weight of each.

Decoction for delirious, raving fever

Take: all five kinds of senna 1, bitter rattan root 1, rak-mai-rak root 1, young galangal 1, shallot 1, turmeric-oi 1, boraphet 1, pine heartwood 1, sak-khi 1, sami root 1, the three myrobalans 1, som-poi leaf and Indian gooseberry 1. Take 1 baht weight of each of these medicines, plus rak-phruek vegetable 1, and 33 stalks of neem vine. Boil and take to cure various kinds of delirious raving fever very well — this has been used a great deal already.

Decoction to expel fever poison

Take: ya-nang root 1, khon-tha root 1, cluster-fig root 1, ching-chi root 1, tao-yai-mom root 1. Take equal portions of these medicines, boil and take at the very onset to expel the poison of fever — it will break the fever very well indeed.

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Decoction for numbness and tingling

Take: sak-khi 1, ma-ka leaf 1, both kinds of samae heartwood 1, nutgrass tuber 1, senna heartwood 1, teak heartwood 1, jackfruit heartwood 1, phak-khun 1, galanga root 1, chaphlu root 1, young bael fruit 1, ma-kham-kai leaf 1.

Combine these 12 items in equal amounts. Boil and take — excellent for curing numbness and tingling.

Medicine for madness

Take: sifted pepper, 4 baht weight; dried ginger, 1 chang weight; raw garlic, 1 chang weight; kaffir lime fruit, 14 fruits. Boil these 4 items together with the water of 3 mature coconuts. Boil down until reduced, then strain to obtain just 2 thanan of liquid. Then take 1 thanan of honey, mix together, set over the fire and stir (chanting the Itipiso formula one hundred and eight times through). Then add camphor, adjusting to taste as appropriate. Take to cure madness from blood, madness from wind, madness with listlessness, madness with foolish suffering, madness with brooding solitude, and various kinds of deranged madness. In some kinds the person becomes afraid of people; sometimes they cry, sometimes they laugh, sometimes they rave and are delirious as if possessed by a phrai spirit. For these symptoms of madness, if this medicine is taken, it may

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can be cured at once. If the mad person refuses to take it, mix it into their rice, fish, and other food, and get them to eat it over the course of 3 meals — it may be cured this way too.

Medicine for hemorrhoid-plaque disease

Take: long pepper 1, pepper 1, nutmeg fruit 1, white candle-nut 1, black candle-nut 1, samun-waeng 1. Take equal portions of these, pound into a powder, dissolve with honey, and take — excellent, without any doubt, for curing hemorrhoid-plaque disease. It has cured many cases already; even those who had suffered for many years were cured.

Medicine for the seven kinds of abdominal-mass disease

Take: purified borax 1, tong-taek root 1, nutmeg fruit 1, mace 1, cardamom 1, cloves 1, long pepper 1. Take 1 baht weight of each of these 7 items; rock salt, 2 salueng weight; asafoetida, 4 baht weight; black purgative resin, 1 baht weight. (Slice the tong-taek root thinly, and weigh out 1 baht weight of it, then

Capt. Khun Yothaphithak 165

roast it in liquor until dry, 3 times.) Pound this medicine into a powder, dissolve with honey, take morning and evening — cures abdominal-mass disease and perforated-stomach disease.

Medicine for swelling

Take: asafoetida, 1 fueang weight; nutmeg fruit, 1 fueang weight; purified borax, 1 fueang weight; black purgative resin, 1 fueang weight; terminalia (myrobalan) fruit, 1 fueang weight; rock salt, 1 salueng weight; cloves in an amount equal to all the other medicines combined; croton fruit ground [together with these], boiled to a full rolling boil three times with red sugarcane as the vehicle. Grind and roll into pills the size of kapok seeds, 1 fueang or 1 salueng in weight according to the strength of the patient's constitution. Cures hemorrhoid disease, dry emaciation, sallow-yellow wasting; cures swelling; cures distended, bloated abdomen; when taken by women, cures swelling from ghostly affliction of the belly, as well as gu-that affliction and smallpox-spirit affliction — all cured completely.

Decoction for leprosy

Take: elephant bone 1, goat bone 1, albino-buffalo bone 1, black-dog bone 1, khok-khlan vine 1, ba-cham-mong 1, cat's-whiskers herb 1, both kinds of khao-yen medicine 1. Take equal portions of all these; may be steeped in liquor, or boiled. Take to cure the parasitic affliction of leprosy — cured completely.

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Medicine for wind-paralysis and hemiplegia

Take: lime juice 1, pomelo juice 1, kaffir lime 1, round-leaf thong-lang bark 1, cassumunar ginger 1, galangal 1, turmeric-oi 1, both kinds of kum 1, garlic 1, chet-mun-phloeng 1, sifted pepper 1, phak-sian-phi 1, salt 1, nutmeg fruit 1, camphor 1.

Take equal portions of all these, pound into a powder, dissolve in flower-water as the vehicle. Take to cure wind-paralysis and hemiplegia that causes the hands and feet to become lifeless — cured completely.

Medicine 'Indri-wayo'

Take nutmeg fruit 1, mace 1, one part each; the three pungent roots [ตรีกระตุก] 1, chet-mun-phloeng root 1, chaphlu root 1, four parts each; sa-khan vine, 6 parts. Pound into a powder, dissolve with honey, ginger water, or hot water as the vehicle. Take to cure all manner of wind ailments within the body; cures hemorrhoid disease with dry emaciation and sallow-yellow wasting — cured completely.

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Medicine for turbid-yellow urine with painful, difficult urination

Take all five kinds of chaphlu root, singe over a flame until browned; and take 5 valves of cockle shell, burn over a fire. Boil and take — cured completely.

Medicine to increase appetite

Take: 9 ripe noni fruits, sifted pepper 1 baht weight, 3 balls of fermented-rice starter, white granulated sugar 4 tamlueng weight. Mix all together well, then add plain water to fill a jar, and bury it in unhusked rice for 3 nights. Eat it all, both the liquid and the solid.

Medicine for wasting fever

Take sticky rice, 5 baht weight, and make good fermented rice with it; senna heartwood, 5 tamlueng weight, simmer down to obtain just the liquid and add it into the fermented-rice preparation. Take another 1 ball of fermented rice, pound into a powder, and sprinkle it onto the prepared rice. Dry it in the sun. Take it regularly until cured, or until the medicine is used up. This remedy has already had people take it and be cured, as an example.

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Medicine for hiccups

Take: long pepper 1, garlic 1, peacock-tail plant 1. Burn until charred, grind with liquor, form into a stick. Use rice-rinse water as the vehicle; take to cure hiccups.

Medicine for hiccups and vomiting

Take: ginger 1, garlic 1, long pepper 1, khan-tha-sakon 1.

Take equal portions of these 4 items, grind and form into a stick; use lime juice or honey as the vehicle. Take to cure hiccups and vomiting — cured completely.

Ointment for mouth sores

Take phak-sam-rong burnt over fire, toddy-palm flower-stalk burnt over fire, and purified borax. Pound into a powder, use plain water as the vehicle. Apply to cure mouth sores, or tongue sores as well. May be used for both children and adults.

Medicine for headache

Take: red phak-phaeo 1, shallot 1, garlic 1, ginger 1, khong-dueng 1, ut-ta-phit 1. Take equal portions of these, grind with lime juice and apply as a poultice on the crown of the head — very effective indeed.

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Medicine for ringworm

Take: one kind of caustic soap-pod, and one kind of lime eaten with betel. Dissolve these two together in water and mix; use to apply — but before applying, scratch the area first.

Another recipe: take garlic, crush it open, and use a bamboo strip planed into a thin sheet to scrape the sore until it bleeds; then rub the garlic on the sore. Rub until the garlic is worn fine, then change to a fresh piece. Rub in this way through 3 cloves of garlic. This must be done right upon waking from sleep, freshly — do not wash the face yet; and while rubbing, one must also hold one's breath. (This remedy I myself have tried and it has cured [the condition] on some occasions.)

Another recipe: take one kind of candle-flower earth (or gunpowder may be used, even better), one kind of yang-tree resin oil, and one kind of burnt betel-nut sheath. Of these 3 medicines, use only as much resin oil as needed (the important point is that when mixed, it should not be too thick or too thin). Mix it with the candle-flower earth and the betel sheath. When well mixed, place it in a cup, and the one who prepares it must first bathe to purify the body, pay homage and vow in remembrance of the departed owner of this text, and must also lift the cup of medicine up to...

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the Buddha-virtue formula, three times through — only then may it be used. When it is time to apply it, take a bamboo skin, plane it thin, and scrape the sore before applying. (This recipe has been used to cure with, many times already.)

Medicine 'Kasai Ban Ek' [for wasting disease]

Take:

takona bark 4 baht weight ma-kham-kai bark 4 baht weight chaeng root 4 baht weight daeng root 4 baht weight dried krachai (fingerroot) tuber 4 baht weight nutgrass tuber 4 baht weight flesh of Thai myrobalan fruit 4 baht weight

Boil and drink morning and evening; cures the 108 kinds of wasting disease. Take it warm, once a day.

Medicine for wasting disease and asthma

Take:

black purgative resin 4 baht asafoetida 4 baht

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nutmeg fruit 4 baht

cloves 4 baht

pepper 6 baht

Pound all of these into a powder, then take honey, mix it in as the binding vehicle, and form into pills. Take to cure wasting disease; take with kaffir-lime water to cure hemorrhoid disease; take with ginger water to cure stomach ache; boiled cassumunar-ginger water also cures it. If curing asthma, take it the same way as for wasting disease — that is, dissolve with honey, form into pills, and take; it will cure. If there is a great deal of fever-heat, take lotus leaf boiled with red granulated sugar; it will cure the heat excellently indeed.

Cancer

Cancer, or malignant tumor, is a disease that can arise in every organ of the human body. It commonly occurs in people over 40 years of age. Some kinds of cancer may occur in young children or in young men and women, but this is only a minority of cases. If this disease does not receive treatment at the outset, it will cause great suffering and lead to death within a short time in every case. For the treatment of cancer to give good results, one must treat it promptly as soon as it begins; if left for a long time, there is no hope.

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Statistics of people who die from cancer

A doctor of the cancer institute has stated:

Statistics on deaths from cancer worldwide, and especially in the United States of America, show that in the year 1948 CE there were 104,000 male deaths and 103,000 female deaths from cancer, every year. The cause of death falls mostly within the age range of 35-45 years. In people over 60 years of age, men tend to develop cancer more than women.

Symptoms that appear

Cancer is the most serious disease. For men, it consists chiefly of cancer of the stomach, intestines, and lungs, accounting for about 70% of those who die from cancer. But for women, cancer arises in the uterus and breasts more than in other parts of the body. Therefore men should be careful regarding the stomach and intestines, while women must be careful regarding the uterus and breasts. Abnormal symptoms that occur in the reproductive organs, when related to cancer, should be brought to a doctor's attention immediately — namely:

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1. Has a chronic, non-healing sore. 2. Has abnormal skin/flesh texture. 3. Has an abnormally enlarged testicle. 4. Has blood or pus flowing/spilling out via the tip of the genital organ.

Treatment of Cancer

A single cancer cell left remaining within the patient's body is able to lie dormant and begin growing anew for that very reason. Treatment of cancer can therefore be accomplished successfully only while it is still in its early stage, because it has not yet spread to the vital organs of the body. Surgery, X-ray irradiation, and radium — these three methods alone are accepted as "giving satisfactory results."

Cancer Surgery

Surgery for the treatment of cancer has advanced a great deal, and is able to save patients' lives more often than it could 10-12 years ago, for example—